How Many is to Many?

Whether by nature or desire a consequence of our evolution, we have spent our short time to find a meaning, and we measure our meaning, perhaps, because our span of our life to short, we measure everythingg, as raising against time and in generally, since, the late 20 Century we consider a changes for a period of 10 years.
Our obsession of measure try to answer a question, what are measured needed for actual event could happen, like life and everything? 42 dimensions, a dimensions is a value, like distance, time and the total 42 values is needed to have a event to happen like life itself.

Responsibility
In the Anglo-Saxon world we are in a continues bombardment of personal responsibility, the question what is personal responsibility and what is a community. In the 90ś a communitarian philosophy was developed on the idea of the individual responsibility. When the myth of individual is with certain frame, the frame is base on, we have choice in an open system, the basic flow is the system is not open and so the choices either. The system we are part as base on nepotism, family connections, where the wealth open access to certain positions and race.
The question of community in Europe which there is central, dependent in the homogeneous of the group or race, many immigration conflict is base on this principle. Today in Spain with the Roman Conflict and Italy where the spirit of Authoritarian and fascist ideals had not change since WWII.
On the other extreme is US where the open system with race and nepotism driven the idea of individual, the choice does not exits, the market is just a illusion where the elites benefit for themselves. In Colombia where 80% of the population is in poverty and the informal sector can't give a security. Where welfare system is base on charity can not solve the or begin to deal with inequality and elites owning 70% of the economy.
One sad behavior the case of abortion is deny on any case and women have found death because cancer found in pregnancy can not be treated and for the cancer victim only death. The Roman Church with all historical crimes against humanity and not just the willing and participant with Nazi Germany or Mussolini fascist or the force Baptism of Lazzaro or after WWII help many war criminals to escape to Latin America. Religion, State, Capital or power are the ones who define our system and our choice, still we have the power just to walk away, the long we submitted our own will, they have the power, the cost is to lose anything in the system, but what we gain is our freedom.

Judgment
Spinoza in A Theologico-Political Treatise in Chapter XX, "If men's minds were as easily controlled as their tongues every king will sit safely on his throne", later on in the same place man has natural rights he can never abdicate even his consent and Spinoza admit the judgment has an inherent bias. The questions arise what is the inherent bias in judgment, Montaigne in Essay Vol I Chapter 34, of a defect in our policies "My whilome-father. a man who had no helped but from experience, and his owned nature, yet of an unspotted judgment, hath heretofore told me, that he much desired to bring this costume. which is. that in all cities there should be a certain appointed place, to which, whosoever should have need of any thing, might come cause his business to be registered by some officer appointed by this purpose." He said judgment from experience and from the type of experience an action. Judgment are bias build on assumptions acquired by experience, there is educational tradition, the knowledge exists independent of reality, and the reality conform, but judgment is a cation to a point of reference, and reference is the bias a experience which is built on a set of assumptions.

Of course each culture, given by the social experience created the reference points, which action are created, but this assumptions are from behaviors, many times misplace and of course the absolutes come from the repeated experienced, nature is being defined by the repeating a method, but there is a social definition. The repeat or the method can be reproduce, but there is context or meaning need consider every step in the method need to be understood, where social assumptions are involved a judgment depend on the frame of references which is being applied.
What certain behavior is acceptable or expected in some frame referenced, in another will not be acceptable, to defined in absolutes the consequence is many case this absolutes experience or judgment can't be adapted. In there is a behavior, like we expect for example everyone around us to behave the same, when is not the case, a social conflict has following. Family, and the power associated with cast in the family created conflicts, historically had grave consequence.
A failure in judgment is to impose a behavior, because threat our power relationship producing a conflict.

Delusion
When powers losses their strength are many factors, but the they are two tend to appears most overreach and denial.
The overreach manifest some times as material wealth, power in general tend to use what what is easy, for example force and terror, since there is an immediate control and short run the cost is not that great, except in the long term to maintain the power the cost increase since, the power is not cost free, to maintain, there is a greater cost .
The delusion of power is the can be maintain without any cost, since is base in an immediate necessity can't be plan in a long term.
The overreach is base on a believe this power can be maintain and project. Any projection will increased the power, power has hiding cost-time becomes the material cost and trying to maintain an elite is created for the only purpose is to pay the price of maintain the control, but in time and space the cost is not free need to be share by the whole, then cost become share everyone and the accumulation brings a society to brake point.
The delusion to maintain the power and project, the group needs to created myth of the power, to project and justify, even many generations, since the assumptions can't be maintain due to the cost of maintain and project the power will collapsed out his own power. Since justification and reason of power is control, the losing control, bring to a end. Control for for the sake of control, to maintain any mythology has a cost from the elite who benefit of the status qua and population a large who will and always has to pay the final price.
The difference between of revolution and a rebellion, a revolution changes elites, where a rebellion is the individual change the social contract, and reshaped the structure which form the society's, from the individual behavior what is acceptable, to a collective, what is reason for the society, how to related to each other.
We all have the power to make change, the reason society function, we all accepted the rules, but if we all cross our arms, everything stop, when a single individual cross their arms, is called antisocial, when two cross the arm is described a relationship, but when there are more then two becomes rebellion and social changes.
Society to control the power of stop believing, give us a frame we can change, but of course the rules are defined but the ones who are benefit and the elites defined the frame of the rules. The educational system and especially higher education is reinforcing a propaganda defined by elites and consequences has been a bad judgment Oh Syracuse!
A solution is to create solidarity across and just cross the arms to stop. We have power by not believing Galileo sin was to cast doubt to the doctrine, to the frame, we should cross our arms and cast doubt, we only one and two and then a Union.

Review
A factor in the island mentality, which have own US for generations: there never has been occupation by a foreign force since 1812 war with British Empire, in the 20 Century Japan attack to the Hawaiian Islands and more recent time the events of September 11.
A factor in 1920 and 1930's California had a Spanish population who was absorbed when territory was lost in the war 1846. In the 1920's and 1930's many decedent of the Spanish colonization were deported to Mexico and help reinforce a racial divided driven by the economics, The color slave economic had a 500 years use of Africans of color and after 1863 when Lincoln out to brake the south liberate the free labor which the South and North benefit for 400 years, the story does not end for 100 years with the civil rights struggles and today we still feel the consequence.
The isolation of a truthful continental nation with exception of Canada and Russia, who developed the continental nation in different direction of the racial US, where Canada base in multi culture and Russia just a Empire.

Conquest
When a land has been conquer, what are the consequences? The first concequence is oppress has the right and obligation to rebel, if many generations are born in the conquest land does not make property of the conquest, the place is located in the hands of the original claim (we are talking about a legal transaction). If we considered Islam conquest of Spain in 718 and holding the land for closed to 800 years and the Spanish reconquest in 1492 completed a cycle, with the expulsion not only of Islam, but the Jews.
The conquest of Jerusalem 637 from the Byzantine Empire, did not resolve the claim to the city, and the fact through period of close of 2,000 Jews were outsiders in the Christian and Islamic society. Where in Christian did not have a legal identity, being a permanent outsiders and Islam world, they had legal identity as second class citizen and the same to Christians in the land control by Islam. The Christian claim took action the right to reconquest in 11 and 12 century haven the Latin Kingdom for closed 90 years, going back to Egypt, after to Turkish Empire, and later to the British.
In recent times Canada for example is trying to resolved the conquest by England with the first nations, where the fact there never was a legal resolution, in the case of Spain, Islam was force was use force out and Israel (especially Jerusalem) after the partition by UN, whether the partition was act upon, since in 1920´s the British took control from the Turks, a partition was promise as solution to permanences of the Jews being outsiders in Europe-this type relationship is not just one case, but when the Turks conquest the Balkans, the rural areas hold there Christian identity and city dwellers when to Islam the conflict of 1990´s was result of the conquest and without resolution. Today in Iraq, the Kurds are dealing being a distinct group one a national identity separate, the consequence of conquest a permanent conflict, since conquest does not create a ownership right.

Hope
Despised of so many silver lines and black clouds, the are moments which can say humans have some hope. The fact the New York philharmonic give a friendship concert in north North Korea, not the first time since Berlin, even all Soviet Union the fact the long we have contact with each other we can share our experience, since we are belong to the family specie. We share a common destiny, to find the middle ground is a very hard how to be individual and being part of community, maybe the answer ethical choice some times individuals need to be the individuals to put the community interest over them selves, but in other cases the individual need t make a choice which is against the community. Ethical behavior is to learn how to make a decision where middle ground need to be found.

Solidarity
Solidarity is an interested word or an interested though, today in the US, we have between 42 to 47 Million person without any kind health insurances and 52 Million total with in year without health insurance. The rest who has any insurance, they are been restricted to the access from the primary care, specialist or medication, and whether you forgot intentional or unintentional omitted information, they reserved the right to deny retroactive the access, even when you have the access you have pay some cost from hospital care , medication or physician.
The US in development world pay the most expensive care close to 7,000 USD and in some level US get very little in return, since at least 17% has not access compare to Europe, where there is universal access or Canada with a national health insurance administer by provinces, and the right to health insurance as part of the bill of rights of Canada.
The public in the US subsides health system, NHI provide grants from the basic biology to medical application and NSF provide more money for fundamental work, without the support many technology development can´t be happened. But the support does not end there, teaching Medical School, get support from the federal, state even local (city). In Puerto Rico the pharmaceuticals have tax heaven since their argument become provide jobs, which is the case in some cases. and many commercial enterprise get tax shelters, subsides and grant money as public support to the public health.
Still despited the society share or paying the cost not just we have a portion of the society without health care or the one who has is ration, the question is how we got to this point, in 1970´s Nixon with Kaiser Permanent of California conspire the creation of commercial health care where the objective is profit.
The idea of the market driving with myth whatever is good for the individual trickle down to community, the end result is a conflict with the reality we born and we die in between we get sick. The biological machine with time degrades and each time become a cost.
There another example where cost come with conflict with society as education, we are not just talking about human knowledge, but the educational system in US is a vocation to obtained a job. In the end of WWII white America give himself GI Bill where two options: one option was down payment for a house, to build a capital or legacy transferring to the own future generations and the second option educational grants, millions white America education give access to consumer life, where African Americas was deny for the second time, the first in the reconstruction after of the civil war was promise of a mule and some acre of land.
In the 1980´s with the ideal of dismantle Keynesian economy of Government involvement, where Nixon started with the most intimate aspect of existence life, health care by given Health Insurance a commercial mandate, the next was the educational system, where Regan cut grants not just the GI Bill, but any government grant and turn to loans, the educational system become just a commercial enterprise. The dismantle of the government also dismantle the access to social system.
In 1980´s and and 1990´s economic crises in Asia, Latin America, Mexico, but the total collapse of the Argentinian monetary system, in many cases money loans by the Government to factory owners, they default loans in many case ended in private accounts outside the country, where the Argentinian people could not access their own money during the crises.
There is illusion human relationships can be put into a logical system and hence, define rules can predicted behavior and one of this illusion is the science of economics. To reduce humans to simple logical rules, forget our 90% or irrationality. Our irrationality makes us to do things against our interest, form electing politician who will go against our interest, to destructive behavior, all political systems from left to right had done in one point in time, democracy for example for close to 165 years had a set of people as perpetual slaves.
There is human feeling which sprung with the same irrational state of the human condition empathy, we share experience, the same human pain of the human condition, not to say the because truly cultural difference, because geography, family, values or religion, but human condition is we born and we die in between we struggle, in this struggle we find solidarity. The idea we are individuals and there is not consequence, when economic collapse occur and situation become outside of our control solidarity born, and we can relate to the individual pain and we willing to do something to give a chance not about the individual but to all of us.

Thousand Island
Kafka in the Castle, K is being charge, just for being himself, there is not need for any explanation, since the charge, become a existential question. The romantic moment in Germany was about the existential question, in return to the right to exist as individual, the individual needed to accepted the collective identity, there was not room for K, Slavic, Czech or Jews.
The concequence is intolerance to the right to decent. The collective identity was base on the ideal of agriculture society. But the power was not in a commune or village or a city, the power was a paternalistic structure, where the lord defined the values for the collective identity, there is not accident the Europe Aristocrats families come from the House of Hannover or more exact Celle a small city about 15 Km of Hannover. Where a minor French Aristocrat Sophie Dorothea descents are the major aristocrats of Europe. Where the Sun king had the absolute power.
The idea of absolute power in US was extended to a small class, defined by a privilege education, where privilege is access to the information of what is power, connections, money and image of all of them define the power elite, where in Europe immediate Family, tribe is the main drive, where in the US race is the case for example in the Southern States after even civil war was lost, the power over dark skin slaves was by the white skin, through separate but equals, but some are more equals then others, and the equal was the same skin, of course up to and after WWII, antisemitism was and still a factor, but was defined through the cultured, since intolerance was towards individuals, who will not accepted the collective believes and values. The Calvinist believe God give a wealth, so is a responsibility to control the wealth, the morality is not how to obtain wealth, but how to manage. The wealth in US or European nations had not issued with ethics of exploitation, since God defined power.
In the border between US and Canada the St Lawrence river has a thousand island, each one independent, but the ecosystem intertwined, the question how to balance the middle ground, where the individualism of US or collectivism of Europe, or tribal political power of Africa, the Middle East or East itself, or the cast system of India.

Education is Power
Since, the time we have recorded events we have describe these events in two level, the personal our immediate family, relationships in this context and authority. Knowledge is to transmitted a behavior, and the power define the norms as Henry V play the King of England define costume. In the Greek Tradition the pedagogue was a slave with the job to protect suitors of boy, since in Greek Culture relationship between the same sex was accepted, the pedagogue represented the father authority, the Sunday schools control by the religious authority defined the norm, eventually the cathedral schools were transform into power centers of the secular power in University of Bologna and Theology of University of Paris in Medieval Europe.
In Bologna, the house of the students were supported by the nobility of their land, since they will be Nobility, Bureaucracy and the power which define Behavior. Knowledge become defined as power itself, in some traditions the higher the educational title is a license to practice a behavior and authority is given to practice behavior by state.

The Question of Power
To talk about tolerance, there is a need to talk about more basic behavior of power. The assumption that power is method, but reality is a social, biological interaction. From the social stand the conflict between individual and collective behavior. Individually power is to pas to a next generation, the conflict arise since sometimes is not just individual but the collective. The idea of individual sacrifice for the common good, is not a exception, but more regular event, but depends in the common value and the situation where the challenge happen.
Second level is the immediate, the family. Because the behavior is about the next generation, female was reduce to subservient, and method to achieve the status is about information control, access to the information was reduce to power.
For a period of 4,000 years there where periods the subjugation was broken. But Christianity is an institution inherent a empire, and the need for status control was manifested not just a political power, but knowledge the fact was the transform Roman Empire into a Christian Empire and close of the Academy and Lyceum in Athens, set precedent to control.
Islam with their own version of Empire and control challenge Christian power structure, because the failure of Latin Kingdom Christianity turn into self into corruption, the reformation was revolution and also reactionary reaction to power. Where the reactionary aspect of the revolution was to a more patriarchal dominance.
But, because Islam challenge the creditability of Christian power is minimize and to explain the failure open themselves to the pagan Knowledge of Socrates and Aristotle. The industrial revolution braked the power of the small communities and the cities created the anonymous individuals. The power of patriarchal force through Napoleon was transform the citizen and the new structure was the state. But the individual structure existed because the control of female through sex, the pill open the power, now we are in cross roads, how to created a relationship between equals, where individual and collective need to come to terms.

Fall
The fall is period when push before the winter slowdown everything, for Western Societies is period of reflection, just take a moment feel the wind getting cooler and change colors, in the north, and reflect the long year to come.

Freud and Today
Whether you admire Freud or not, the slow process of question orthodoxy of the social system in Europe for 2,000 Christianity as force which dominate the political landscape, social and economics. Galileo was a son of the Roman Catholic church and needed their approval, even accepted the seclusion impose by the Pope. Only by the time Darwin, Europe was transform from rural society were major land owners, by conquest as the case William the Conqueror making claim land of the Anglo-Saxons by force and eventually through this force claims private propertied was expand and extended dominance. In other lands of Europe, the claim was done by the Feudal order impose by the pyramid expose by the Catholic Church, where there order start with the power of the Church given by God and Nobility overlord, whether elected or by family and validated by Church saying he god has defined the power of the lord. Not to the time of the reformation of Henry VII, England secular power by the King become the only power or in Germany where the reform movement was Romantic, to the ideal of an individual religion. But the order of power was not alter, Luther despite the peasant revolt, because alter the sense of order, Luther had since the time of being a monk.
The industrial revolution alter the rural power to concentrate more power to the cities, in so many ways, some German cities had chapters of independence or recognition by the lords, by accepted some authority by the lords and many cities pay the lords for the rights.
With the power of the state being secularize there was some independence, and Napoleon Europe's was base in the citizen obligation to the state, not lord or God. Darwin with the laws of evolution when to fundamental questions to give alternative to creation independent of God and Mendel himself a member of the cloat with Genetics with the work define alternative history to the one given by any religion. So far in Mendel time Nature was descriptive before any Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Mendel work using probability give a theoretic foundation to descriptive study of Nature.
But Freud brought the question not just to Nature observations, but brought to the human experience, whether was due to reproduction or more complex, where Biochemistry of Humans, had made a more complex understanding. Freud obsession with Moses in the question about God and for Moses if existed was figure of history and the rest was mythology, created from the psychological need of sexuality of slaves being abuse by a master. For Freud Moses was a empirical question.

The Failure of Western Education
Newsweek magazine had depth major propaganda of the irrational exuberant, where proclaim the greatness of the American University and how the Europe had fail with their educational system. And the China or India had long ways to go.
The question of triumphalism in any propaganda and the end result of American education, we need to see long of the educational system. The higher education has his roots in Socrates Academia and Aristotle's Lyceum, but before the Greeks taken any appropriation of higher knowledge (i.e. here means in the context of information), Herodotus in Histories mention his time in Egypt where the priest class keeper of the knowledge or Babylon or Persian had the priest class which in the west we use the 60 system to keep time.
India the concept of zero eventually introduce by Islam through Spain become part of the west and measure inventions from paper, magnetic compass to the beginning of chemistry had roots in Tao traditions of China.
When Christian Byzantium close doors to high learn of the Greeks Schools, themselves had produce the lessons to arrogance of Power overreaching themselves, where Athens describe by Thucydides when Athens taken itself in Syracuse, there power faulted in the name of imperial democracy of Athens and there failure of the understanding there own knowledge left Athens by itself and collapse of their own power.
Alexander, teacher Aristotle could not convey behind what his own limitation, knowledge is collective information in the particular time, with his death Alexander empire was broke down left only history to be the judge and Rome to be the imperial force.
Not to the time creation of the University of Paris for Theology and Bologna for Secular law, the reappearance of the Institutions of High Learning was due the fact population in the cities which had not existed since Rome time needed a Bureaucracies and out necessity the Sunday Schools where Church train the elite to maintain the structure describe by Augustine in the City of God, the university took place.
Cities needed well train Bureaucracy to deal with the complexity of the city. With the reformation the City of God do not exist anymore and well train city Bureaucracy become a priority. The discipline needed and by centralize control fit well with Authorities, but the centralization recreated the experience ones in Toledo Spain were Islam with Christianity and Judaism transfer their own knowledge and experiences. The significance of the system did not take place to industrial revolution, but Newton and Leibniz, where a result of the structure in Europe, even they where influence by the concentration of knowledge in one place, the collective knowledge of the time from all over the world plus the need of more knowledge create in the universities found the position they find themselves.
The Jesuits brought the knowledge to west from the east and the own experience Renaissance, but the cog who made revolution, was not just Newton or Leibniz, to the time knowledge was collective information of the west (Greeks and Rome) and Eats ( India and China), but the industrial revolution, England discover the artificial color, but because the raw materials use for the color was obtain in India, the empire did not need knowledge, were Germany had not the raw materials force the revolution for Organic Chemistry on the other had Germany reaction was extreme desire to recapture what was lost in the Medieval Order in the city God, given place to the Romantic movement, Hegel or Marx want this order, where is Rational God of Marx or Rational Christian God of Hegel, but abstraction was part of the Romantic Germany. England utilitarian took hold with the Scientific Method. Darwin was not accident was Utilitarian England base on observation and Mendel being influence by the abstraction of Romantic movement open studies to genetic.
The Physics revolution of the 19 century and 20 century took root in Europe, Lord Kelvin and Thompson Atoms models product of the British utilitarian Science, where Quantum and Relativity was continental Europe. Albert University took Place in Zürich escaping rigidity of Germany educational system, and Albert mathematical help was not just Germany, but Differential Geometry work in Italy. One reason the Europe despite the Nationalism and some case exceptionalism the Europe nationalism felt, there was opening across national boundaries.
But, the failure of the University Education in Europe was itself the superiority and exceptionalism created the nationalism, not since Medieval time, the idea of order by race or class, had not taken place.
Napoleon create the secular state and individual loyalty to the secular system. Napoleon open the doors to Jewish is citizens, were the loyalty was not more to Religion, but to the secular state. The ugly side create by the City of God took a new face in secular state, but exceptionalism from religion took place with Turkey genocide the Armenians and the high learned institutions Europe because their own inertia exceptionalism like in case Heidegger, where race was the consequence of of Romantic Germany, and the two wars Germany created from the exceptionalism, and failure of the rigid German system, the opening needed to question was suppressed in name of the City of God.
The exodus of Europe elite to escape racial war, benefit US, but US has there own tradition, the Universities born like the rest of Medieval European university to train Preachers, Harvard, Yale or Princeton, with exception of King College to train the Bureaucracy of colony or Philadelphia after American Revolution where Franklin Utilitarian view take root. From the knowledge innovation, Europe still had access to tradition, but America had Pragmatical approach as a Child of the British Utilitarian Pierce and Dewey. The intellectual tradition took place with the Education of Henry Adams, always looking into Europe.
The PhD. tradition many American when the German Universities where the Marriages between the Industry with High learning training create specialize knowledge American when to German System for the training. The University of Maryland created the research university of Germany in American soil, there was some native sciences being create Gibbs in Thermodynamics, but the Physics and Chemistry and eventually the Genetics revolution in Europe, but the WWII benefit with the influx Jews and many misfits leaving in the educational system, since openings is base to exchange of ideas, despite intellectual rigidity of the Romantic Ideology from the Left or Right.
In some sense the Soviet Union also benefit, more after the WWII. But failure of power has been overreaching, the entering of US into WWI by Wilson the President and come from being the president of Princeton University continue a tradition in the American System, the failure to deal with the slave question given inheritance conflict to the Civil War (the civil war was not by slaves, but the power of the central government to change versus the states want to maintain a elite, in this case the power of slave owners), and when opportunity after the civil war to resolve the the race /slave conflict was not took place, the segregation's laws took place, but after WWII the conflict took place not just in question imperial power in Vietnam and segregation with the Civil Rights.
Wilson, by entering WWI give validity to right of British Empire and Germany payments create room for the Racial Philosophy Of WWII. FDR lack of dealing the segregation question, closing the doors to Jews, with exception of the starts of educational elite and supporting the Saudi Family regarding the Oil Fields later on a price. The holocaust was know, but the prevail anti-Semitic behavior which existed to late 60's where Jews could be faculties in Ivy schools, but a quota for students. The Soviets pushing from east, where the camps where locate expose genocide, the guild help to create the State of Israel from the the American Side.
The blindness of Higher education, extending in the Bureaucracy of Government where many of educate ended to full fill function. why the educational system was created to full fill bureaucracy. The political class had the foreign policy Sandino in Nicaragua and the America support Somoza eventually create conflict in the 1970's and 1980's. In the1950's Guatemala and Iran overthrow of left Government bringing the Shah in the 1980's created Theocratic State of Iran.
In 1960's was not just Vietnam, but helping the Saudi family to hold there own land, eventually mistake by Reagan with Afghanistan Mujaheddin and eventually open radicalization of the Middle East, the failure was Casey the CIA director the time compare the Mujaheddin as US Southern Christian Church. In America the Protestant and Catholic has taken a ugly side of dehumanizing anyone who is not Christian with moral values, they themselves, whether is homosexuality or abortion (but they themselves find braking there own morality).
The failure of the higher educational system, because over specialization is ignorance not other languages besides English or cultural knowledge besides their own, so now in Iraq we have six only people speaking Arabic in the US Embassy in conflict dealing with the roots of civilization, which none is trained to deal because there is not exposure.

The Achilles Question
A tradition of the 19 century Talmudic Schools was the introduction of ethics. How this tradition appeared to the fact Eastern Europe many Jews from the Pale started to follow the Hasidim moment. The movement took root since the persecution through Medieval Europe and especial the Crusade of 12 century push the Jews out Western Europe towards frontier, by invitation of the King of Krakow become an escaped of the persecution in Germany and France. But life was not better, after Katharina of Great inherent the pale no Jewish were allot in Moscow.
The Baal Shem Tov, being controversial by open the Mystical Judaism to everyone, since the story Mystical Judaism had produce two heresies in Judaism: Sabbatai Zevi and Frankists. The hope for him was to explain the hard life is for Jewish to know were especial by the creator and that though is a reason form himself to endure the hardships.
Where the Lithuanian Jewish tradition base in the analytical tradition of Talmud and the changes brought by Napoleon of the secular state where, the citizen is priory to family or religion, the new loyalty is to the state and the state will have obligations to the citizen. The revolution open for the first time Jewish are equal and opportunities. The individual has a right with the state and the idea the individual was the center, not emotional connection to past. The Orthodox Community to hold the next generation use ethics to bring some responsibility.
Ethics is about knowing the consequences and not knowing all the consequence. The failure of not knowing and knowing is the fact we have not control. The elites to maintain power they need certainty and the certainty is reinforce by the world around them. The failure of Athens to invade Syracuse, was the fact were ignorant of Syracuse and they faille to accept they were ignorant. The ignorance is the Achilles of each elite and each Generation. We have forgot our own Achilles.

Social Contact
Kafka, The Castle is not just about Prussia Bureaucracy, but individual isolation, in the Metamorphosis, the sense of the individual just a cog in the machine, superficial and worst with out meaning. Ulysses, Leopold Bloom is a projection of Joyce himself, the ultimo outsider, Joyce never return to Ireland, and he wrote about a small community in the period 1900's the Irish population was declining.
The conflict always relates to the fact a small community will like to preserve his identity and majority demand assimilation. Our parents want permanent membership in our families and we as individuals want separate identity. The evolution human species from small groups in the savanna of North Africa (Ethiopia) and reality of today we are in fourth corners of the Earth. We all share the same genetic lineage of the small groups from the savanna of North Africa (Ethiopia), and still the our self inflict genocide in name of God, religion and Politics.

Rationality
Empirical reason is under doubt and question. Doubt should be skeptic and base for empirical question. The skeptic is base an empirical question and continuous modification according empirical experience. Humanity has become aware of her self by the world become connected. The consequence of the awareness is to come to terms with consequences. Faith is many time mention arise out need of thrust to previous experiences, but because the awareness take some time, the previous experiences are small as the world open.
Because, we tend to trust our previous experience we are having are hard time to adapt and change to a new experience, that is our assault to rationality, our fear to the new experiences, which alter our reality. But despite of our fear does not stop our empirical reality, in some ways manyconflict, whether are political. religion, global, but in our individual experience we are trying to resolve the conflict.

Reality
What is reality? Long time ago I was in a discussion about reality in the middle of discussion some one through a glass cup. The issue was since the glass was broken, the event implied reality is base into some physical experience. But, the question if there is an individual reality? We perceiving with our biological experience, but not everyone have the same experience as example color blind can't have directly experience with red or green color, but an inference can be create, since the color blind have direct experience with others colors, but what about the blind since child hood or deft, what is they reality and experience.
The Biological machine equipped us with reference point, even some sensor is not working according to general experience, but when we move from the individual reality to the collective experience, then human behavior, define by common experience and the social behavior immediate experience our family in many ways they give the initial bias, then the emotional values we acquire through family and society, define the social realities, this type reality is subjective.
A solution to the conflict arise from different social realities, the tolerance call by Montaigne, Spinoza and Arendt.
They ask social values will be in private, even some of these socials values consider themselves superior, for tolerance is to ask equality in public arena.
After all, the most basic values religions, with out list all the failures and destruction, they have inflicted. They are two realities the individualgoverning by Nature and second the social value driven.

Time
Human evolution is full of crises, since the time we have a historical memory, the human experience can be reduce a series of conflicts. We need to ask ourselves, if all this was or is necessary, after all the consequence so far is Genocide towards of each other and how we have got towards this point. The art express in Ice Age, about human experience, but with time the creation of God and State, become justification for a few to be owners, through God and State.
Despite of revolutions and changes where the power of the few and religion, we still dealing fundamentally with the same issue. The power of the few and religion.
Sciences have give us an opportunity for humans to be skeptics, but the threat to question, as result today religious leaders question Evolution. The religious appealing to the validity of their reasoning from ideal of Platonism and deduction of from first principles drawing from Aristotle's.
Science value is from Empirical reasoning, meaning expert or amateurs can validate the work of the assumptions. Many critics of Evolution question the observations or descriptive sciences. Despite Darwin was careful and the mechanism of evolution, genetics even with Mendel work critics will still question Evolution, but what have change is Molecular Evolution, DNA, now the Molecular Evolution has connect the Human History to Earth. Many still question of aspect of Evolution are missing link, but now with the Molecular the connections show with out particular specie to be missing link.
The power of Molecular Evolution is drawing from Empirical reasoning, where experiment can be reproduce, and there is not question of believe.
Power of the God and State is base idea there is a set human nature, in the case of God and State is order of the God. What Sciences show is there is not absolute and experiments and new refine experiments give new inside, but the inside are not absolute, justdepend and experiment knowledge of the time, but does not mean the knowledge has not validity just a limitation, and the technology we have produce has been produce with this limitations.
But always the validity is the Empirical reason, the experiment and able to reproduce the experiment.

A Question of Evolution
They are times and they are times. Now, we are in the time, where religion authoritarian believes are taken hold to replace a political social conflict.
The history of Art had a evolution and full circle. Early humanity paint had to do with the immediate experience, like the case of the Altamira Caves in Spain, later on to evolve only as a sacred experience. The art about the Gods appropriate by Christianity (other Believes) took into a new form, where the Socrates Republic with Augustine City of God transform the Power of Roman Emperor into Power of right to govern derive from God.
Not just reformation, but Art change prospect, where the Gods return to human form slowly return to human sizes.
With that perspective other human challenge, in the immediate was political.
Copernicus and Galileo and eventually Kepler challenge in Authoritarian power of the Church into human experience.
The Baroque and the Renaissance, began the humanization. Spinoza try to connect the emotional aspect of believe to rational experience of the every day, with time the Scientific Method come the golden rule, to empirical experience.
Darwin natural selection base on observation, and Darwin theory (Law) validation through empirical description, many Darwin following or Neo-Darwin for many them, the sufficient power of empirical description.
Critics like the Biochemist Michael J. Behe, who testify in favour "Intelligent Design", criticize the Darwin, because the disconnect of missing likings to have continue history.
Behe misunderstanding of evolution is, the mechanism for the selection is the DNA. The blue print had challenge everything, not only we are human sizes, but
humans in the natural word.
DNA is not just we are 3% different Chimps, or 2% Bonobo or our close relative to organs is the pig. But humans have the same blue print.
The good news is we had assumed the DNA history can be trace to one million, but with work done Mary Schweitzer, a paleontologist at North Carolina State University and the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, which show the connection of T-Rex with the birds, the significant we are connected the DNA of species who had verify time line in Millions with a today specie.
Where today many religious figures are challenging evolution, but DNA is not just a history, but impact our every day, since direction medicine affected our very day is molecular medicine which bases on DNA.