Reflections

 

Open Sky

 

Fall 2022

 

Convulsions

 

The question of Antisemitism and race are intertwine, while Antisemitism rooting in Europe since 300 AD, but idea of other found early (Ganerod 2018, Dimensions of Yahwism in the Persian Period, De Gruyter; Israelowitz 2022, Temple and Mythologies, Gustav Landauer Press), where Elephantine Island in Egypt since 650 B.C.E, the Anat-Yahweh cult Temple burned twice, by the locals because jealousy and the Elephantine Island was consider to enter of the underground by Egyptians. But the Antisemitism was magnified when Constantine to fend the internal conflict of Rome introduce glue of Christianity—only in his death bead Constantine baptize, where fit with Rome idea of dictator become a God, where the Emperor was under God and only respond under God.

The fact Hebrews chosen by God created a conflict with the claims by Christianity, introducing in the Theodosia Code Vol16 under Adulterer (i.e. forcing yellow colour used to identify adulterer—hence the Jews), (Cohen 1994, Under Crescent & Cross The Jews in the Middle Age, Princeton Press Princeton Oxford; Israelowitz 2016, Historical Origin of Antisemitism Gustav Landuer Press), at the same time level Islam created a social hate against the Jews—due Judaism did not accepted self-described Prophet Mohammad, but since Jews where spread and Christians due had power—Islam created people of the book.

Slaves were used since antiquity using as war spoils and debtors. Islam introduce the spoil of war in 600´s A.D. and rationalization of pagan´s, but Portuguese created as economic model (Hugh 1997, The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1440-1870   Simon & Schuster), with the Renaissance the influence of Christianity began to dwindle (Hale 1993, The Civilization of Europe in the Renaissance) a new justification needed, the other created in Christian and Islam Theology, a new connotation the used of race (Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism) as Justification of Europe/US Imperial ambitions, the used of ideas exposed by Galton Francis (i.e. cousin of Darwin) the pseudo-science of Eugenics which become the foundation for quota immigration to US in the 1900´s (Okrent 2019, The Guarded Gate Scribner).

The secularization of Europe—from Luther reformation magnified the Antisemitism by calling for a Jews Genocide (Weiss 1996, Ideology of Death Why the Holocaust Happen in Germany Elephant Paper Backs Ivan R Doe, Publishing Chicago) the 19^th century Nationalism taken root, the Autocratic Philosophy after Napoleon Defeat magnified, where Napoleon understood to construct his secular Empire needed to resolved the Jews question, form him while Christianity wanted to convert the Jews include—in the Middle Ages the Saturday Sermons in target Synagogues through Europe—later on the decree  in Russian Czar where force Jewish Children into Russian Army as 12 Years Old target for forced Christian conversions, for Napoleon the power of Church was based in the creation of the other, the Church needed the Jews to justified their Autocracy, which  Luther continue, after Napoleon a reactionary Axis between Austria, Prussia and Russia, where the first order was to bring the Jews under Ghetto Laws (Evans 2016, The Pursuit of Power Europe 1815-1914 Allen Lane Penguin Books).

The Antisemitism become the glue for Europe, the Nationalism of the 19^th century especially in Germany become his foundation (Weiss 2003, Politics of Hate Antisemitism, History, and the Holocaust in Modern Europe Ivan R Dee), while in the US race become the reason for expansion—the fact push of Spanish from Florida was the fact many run ways had free town in the Spanish territory in name of Europe Imperial—the US wanted to maintain the African Slave as institution, the same goes to Mexican Territory Texas where white illegal immigrants drifted to Mexican Territory of Texas since Mexico stop legal used Slaves, the white illegal immigrants revolt (Gibson 2019, El Norte The Epic Forgotten Story of Hispanic North America Atlantic Monthly Press New York), in US the economic foundation was based in this slave plantations, which produced not just cotton and tobacco but capital for the industry development (Baptism 2014, The Half Has Never Been Told Slavery and the Making of America Capitalism, Basic Books) on other words the wealth and development of US was built on the shoulder of African Americans slaves.

In Europe due to the defeat of the Germany Imperial desires Antisemitism take a dark, the used of Eugenics by the National Socialist for genocide anyone who was fit for the race (Lipton 1986, The Nazi Doctors Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide BasicBooks), including physical defects or not genetic fit, other hand the spirituality reviving pseudo pagan worships and mystical justification for Genocide (Goodrick-Clarke 2012, (reprint original production 2005) The Occult Roots of Nazism Tauris Parke Paperbacks), while the occult in Medieval included from Alchemy to invoking spirits many Jews produce Knowledge (Idle 2011, Kabbalah In Italy 1280-1510 A Survey  Yale Press), but the Oculists Helena Petrovna Blavatsky mixed with Antisemitism, note to say Prague was centre because Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II set Prague his center which included at the time Loew Yeudah ben Bezalael.

The Nationalism need the other and Justify Genocide, the used industrial scale used by Ottomans against Armenians, while US the used of race quotas to control immigration (PBS-Ken Burns, Lynn Novick & Sarah Botstein A History to be reckoned with the US And holocaust 2022), Germany Nazis used the Mississippi Racial Laws as the based for Racial Laws Nuremberg, where the Racial Laws in Mississippi were more restrictive one single blood of African Americans, the Nazis used percents (Friedläder 1997 The Years of Persecution Nazi Germany & the Jews 1933-1939; Evans 2005, The Third Reich in Power Allen Lane Penguin Books).

The anti-Semitic nationalism in Europe Italy where the root where the Nationalism transform into a Fascism with a pact with creating economic model where corporation and the worker a relationship where syndicated become subservient to the state—in case of Germany the race for Italy was ethnic group become the glue of the economic model—Jews as Italians become (five of original members), but with Italy, Japan part of axis, for Italy Race become the new Mantra (Bosword 2006, Mussolini's Italy Life Under the Dictator 1915-1945 Penguin Books)—Japan used Ethnic which does not stop to Genocide the Chinese. The same Ethnic Nationalism trend take place in France the French Fascist began deportation of Jews to death camps, while Lithuania they itself without need German Request—they destroy history (Katz 2010, Lithuanian Jewish Culture Balkos Lankos), the same pattern take place in Estonia (but they time due pact between Soviet Russian and Nazi Germany) the Soviets deported the Jews to the East and only few hundred left, the old which the Germans Genocide, where in Latvia become a death centre, which Latvia Fascist participated and initiated the Genocide (Lectures Editor Rabbi Menachen Barkaham 2006, Extermination of The Jews in Latvia 1941-1945 Riga 2008). In southern Europe Slovakia and Croatia participation especially Arabs in Palestine involvement with the SS in the Balkan Genocide (Montadel 2014, Islam and Nazi Germany´s war the Belkmap Press of Harvard University press) by design of Al-Hussyni amin Mufti of Jerusalem (a position created by the British in Palestine to give a voice to Religious Islam). Besides of the Genocide of Jews and since they consider the Slaves as subhuman, the used in Croatia under Ustaše their leader Ante Pavelić who was the head Croatia Fascist, which  ideology of the movement was a blend of fascism, Roman Catholicism and Croatian nationalism. The Ustaše supported the creation of a Greater Croatia that would span the Drina River and extend to the border of Belgrade. Their emphasized the need for a racially pure Croatia and promoted genocide against Serbs and Jews and Roma using the Nazi racial theory. The Ustaše viewed the Bosniaks as Muslim Croats and as a result, Bosniaks were not persecuted on the basis of race.

In Slovakian under the Catholic Monsignor Jozef Tiso, Slovakia become a client state, where totalitarian state where the German pressure resulted in the adoption of many elements of German Nazism, but the main can be consider clerical fascism which Christian fascists focus passing laws and regulations that reflect their view of Authoritarian Christianity.

But a most tragic becomes the Jews in Hungary. Hungary and Rumania participants as allied to the axes, they were in the Russia front and many ways the Nazis using them in futile battles in the East. Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya head of the Hungarian, in 1919 he seize control of the Government and began the white terror targeting the Jews, since many leader of the Hungarian Soviet Republic had Jews   like ibor Szamuely.

Béla Kun, the Republic's leader and instigator of the Terror, had a secular Jewish father and a mother who, despite converting to the Reformed Church of Hungary, was still seen as being a Jew, the Soviet Republic's policies were credited by some anti-communists as being part of a Judeo-Bolshevist conspiracy.

By the end of WWII Horthy saw the Germans losing the war try to make peace with the Allies the Germans Kidnapped his son Miklós Horthy Jr, with treat to his life forces the father to advocated being the head of the Hungarian State, taken his place was the leader of the Arrow Cross Party, Ferenc Szálasi (himself Armenian and German), the party support was based on the working class, subscribed to the Nazi ideology of master races which, in Szálasi's view, included the Hungarians and Germans, and also supported the concept of an order based on the power of the strongest – what Szálasi called a brutally realistic étatism.  Szálasi espousal of territorial claims under the banner of a Greater Hungary and Hungarian values (Hungarizmus) clashed with Nazi ambitions, delaying Hitler's endorsement of that party by several years.

During the spring and summer of 1944, more than 400,000 Jews were driven into centralised ghettos and then deported from the Hungarian countryside to death camps, with the enthusiastic assistance of the Hungarian Interior Ministry and its gendarmerie (the csendőrség), both of which had members closely linked to the Arrow Cross.

Budapest Jews were forced into Yellow Star Houses, approximately 2,000 single-building mini-ghettos identified by a yellow Star of David at the entrance. In August 1944, before deportations from Budapest began, Horthy used what remaining influence he had to stop them, and force the radical antisemites out of his government.

As the summer progressed, and with the Allied and Soviet armies closing in on central Europe, the ability of the Nazis to devote resources to Hungary's Jewish Solution waned, but they still carried out many massacres. Jews rounded up on the streets by Arrow Cross men, and their standard procedure was to take children away from their parents, then killing or beating any parent or child who protested. The Arrow Cross repeatedly organized mass murders next to the Danube, shooting people in the head, with the bodies falling into the river. To save bullets, their favourite method was to tie the waists of three people together with wire and shoot only the middle person, who would fall forward into the river drowning the other two as the weight of the copse dragged them to the bottom of the Danube. It has been estimated that during the autumn of 1944 there were no more than 4,000 members of the Arrow Cross in Budapest, yet despite this they were able to terrorize the city's population of a million.

Their methods eventually became too much, even for the German military whose commander General Karl Pfeffer-Wildenbruch ordered his troops not to take part in the killings. On the other hand the German envoy to Hungary Edmund Veesenmayer received orders from Berlin to provide as much assistance as he could to the Arrow Cross in killing of Jews.

 Szálasi became concerned about the impression that neutral diplomats were forming of his government and ordered that the killings be undertaken with more discretion. The country's national police commissioner Pál Hódosy concurred:

The problem is not that the Jews are being murdered... the trouble is the method. The bodies must be made to disappear, not put out on the streets.

This view was shared by parliamentarian Károlyl Maróthy who said :

We must not allow individual cases to create comparison for them... something must be done to stop the death rattle going on in the ditches day and night... the population must not be able to see them dying

Under three months, Arrow Cross squads killed as many as 38,000 Hungarian Jews. Arrow Cross officers helped Adolf Eichmann re-start deportations from which the Jews of Budapest had thus far been spared, sending some 80,000 Jews out of the city on slave labour details and many more straight to death camps, all Jewish males of conscription age were already serving as slave labour for the Hungarian Army's Forced Labour Battalions. Most died, including many who were murdered as they were returning home after the end of the fighting.

Red Army troops reached the outskirts of the city in December 1944, and the Battle of Budapest siege began. Arrow Cross members and the Germans conspired to destroy the Budapest ghetto. Days before fleeing, Arrow Cross Interior Minister Gábor Vajna ordered that streets and squares named for Jews be renamed.

As control of the city's institutions weakened, the Arrow Cross trained their guns on the most helpless possible targets including patients in the city's two Jewish hospitals on Maros Street and Bethlen Square, remaining women and children, and residents in the Jewish poorhouse on Alma Road. As order collapsed, Arrow Cross members continued their attacks on Jews so that the majority of Budapest's Jews were only saved by the heroic efforts of a handful of Jewish leaders and foreign diplomats Swedish Raoul Wallenberg (who was kill by the Soviets for helping the Jews), the Papal Nuncio Monsignor Angelo Rotta, Swiss Consul Carl Lutz (with Wallenberg created diplomatic housed saving more than 10,000 Jews), Spanish Consul Ángel Sanz Briz and the Italian cattle trader Giorgio Perlasca.

The Arrow Cross government effectively fell at the end of January 1945, when the Soviet Army took Pest and the Axis forces retreated across the Danube to Buda. Szálasi had escaped from Budapest on December 11, 1944 taking with him the Hungarian royal crown, while Arrow Cross members and German forces continued to fight a rear-guard action in the far west of Hungary until the end of the war in April 1945.

Victor Orban have revived the arrow cross and Putin have revived pagan pseudo-Slavic Mysticism based in mystical Delusions of Dugin in the same token the revival of the White Supremacist in US, Nixon used the fear of white losing their privilege by delegitimize the Jim Crow laws after South losing the Civil War in US, to protect the Plantation Privilege the separate (South Africa rules where such laws—a white minority control the majority), Regan use in Economics, based in trickle down, the whites can decide whom receive the support, by privatize Education, healthcare limited only to whites, the collapse of US Economic under Republicans where the speculation of Privatization, where taken advantage of ignorance and mythology of owning your house become the guaranty of borrowing against the property or ownership to group with no enough axes to capital, leaving a nation of defaults, open to the first Mixed Race African American President as respond the white losing their privilege, Putin set to bring into power the White Supremacist Regime into the US not since Jackson and Wilson. In losing 45 re-election, because killing of 600´s of his fellow citizens, due to his incompetence acts, with support of the Republican a insurrection against the system, where the Republican party objective become to maintain the privilege of  a white minority.

 

 

The Shoe Memorial Budapest October 22