Hildesheim

In 825 become the seat of Bishop of Hildesheim and 1367 is part of the Hanseatic League, during pogrom in 1938 the Synagogue was destroy today a memorial as left (most of the Jews were deporte to death camps to the east):

Carpentras Provencal

One of the continues and surviving synagogue 1367 and May 1990 Jewish cemetery was desecrated by French and European Party.  

Troyes and Ramerupt

While Sholomo Yazhaki (Rashi), born in Troyes and study in Worms. The Jews under Medieval Europe law were not allot to own land, but the land for wine growth was consider industry and one of the land uses was allot to Jews, what left from Medieval is nothing, except the graveof his grant son Jacob ben Meir (Rabbeniu Tam).

The Symbol of R and Shin, is approximated location where the Jews cemetery was located.

The Synagogue in Troyes

Troyes today

Rameperut

Property

Property definition considered in classical liberal though: Hobes consider property “give every man of his own. John Locke  Second Treatise on Civil Government: “Every man has a property in his own person. This nobody has a right to, but himself.”  James Harrington “property natural but not inevitable.” William Blackstone in codify English Law the property is: "can resist tyranny of the Nobility." David Hume considers the liberty should be submitted under the state control. Charles Comte  Traité de la propriété (1834) try to legitimize property in respond to the Burbon Restoration:

a)      Interference by the state over the centuries in property ownership has had dire consequences for justice as well as for economic productivity.

b)      The property is legitimate when it emerges in such a way as not to harm anyone.

c)       Historically some, but by no means all, property which has evolved has done so legitimately, with the implication that the present distribution of property is a complex mixture of legitimately and illegitimately held titles

The use of property is found in Sumerian code, where the exchange merchandise is described for tax payments. Of course the Jews Law should not steal defined what property. Aristotle in Politics said lack property will neglected the commons.

Property from this historical tradition based on a right by authority, in most cases represented of the governance elite.

Western tradition, Byzantium and Ottoman law which appropriated the definitions of property derive from Roman law ( While some Roman Historians suggested the 12 Tablets are derived from Athens Solon Laws, much discussion, since Rome wanted a mantel legitimize by embracing Athens tradition, which many disputed). In Roman law Ius privatu, private property was defined as right granted in by the state and conducted by agreements.

A good example the Intellectual Property or patents considered in Venice 1774 issuing a decree of a creation will have a commercial value, by given a monopoly of period of 10 years. But early cases of this monopoly is found England in the form of Letters of Patents in 1331 given to John Kempe and his Company as Royal grant, later on codify in Status of Monopolies 1673. In Florence 1421, this Letters Patents found, and there is some evidence use Greek City states: In 500 BC, Sybaris today in Italy “encouragement was held out to all who should discover any new refinement in luxury, the profits arising from which were secured to the inventor by patent for the space of a yea (Charles Anthon, A Classical Dictionary: Containing An Account Of The Principal Proper Names Mentioned in Ancient Authors, And Intended To Elucidate All The Important Points Connected With The Geography, History, Biography, Mythology, And Fine Arts Of The Greeks And Romans Together With An Account Of Coins, Weights, And Measures, With Tabular Values Of The Same, Harper & Bros, 1841, pp 1273).” 

Patents can be describe a individual/individuals producing an particular idea, while derived from a common experience, still is individual production, but the monopoly is decided by a privilege.

Ricardo using the arguments by Adam Smith, Labor Theory of value, defined what is labor needed for producing or obtained commodity, given a quantity, private space is created an possession of the particular quantity define what is property.

 While ownership (control) of use, benefit, transfer, sells, excluded is definition of property.

Socialism critic of property is the individual ownership, benefit, transfer and exclusion is not sufficient to cost to rest of society. While oil production will benefit cost benefit the individuals, the cost, by limiting resources CO2 tramp the right of the others, one can said since is not insufficient information during using should not be detrimental, except the consequence is so global not possible individuals should have the right to harm everyone on such scale.

Libertarian Socialism suggested property is the continue use, when individual realize the detrimental force will stop.

Communist does not mean the state or the city, by collective use minimize the harm and inequality obtained by privilege granted. 

A definition of property is given by Locker and Tucker, property is function to produce as scarcity, production of Land for scarcity, food.

The terms of property consider is western tradition others views like Cherokee Nation:” The lands of the Cherokee Nation shall remain common property; but the improvements made thereon, and in the possession of the citizens respectively who made, or may rightfully be in possession of them: Provided, that the citizens of the Nation possessing exclusive and indefeasible right to their improvements, as expressed in this article, shall possess no right or power to dispose of their improvements, in any manner whatever.”

Corporate property exits to shift liability of the holder to abstract identity the corporation.

The question sis mention by Proudhon and Analyze by Kevin Carson in Mutualism Political Economy,  property is theft not by the individual by the Authority- the State, the Polis, by asserting the right and granted a privilege, moreover,  this privilege is tilted derived from nepotism to family member; to friend granted a right. 

Property become in exercises of power, not just in a Capitalist Society, the rights of the Free Cities in Europe are rights given by Aristocracy, but in a central authority as given in Marxist  tradition, where the Elite, benefits in with the implosion of the Soviet System in Russia, the elite, the managers, technocrats, the intellectual elite benefit by liquidation of the factories and Russia today where is country falling into underdevelopment manage by a corrupt elite benefit from natural resource, from Minerals to Gas production.

For the elites in the west, especially in Europe a need of energy independence, while Europe has imperial tradition, but dependence in cheap natural resources hinder invention of alternatives, not to say the Russian can cut the gas in the middle of winter, when Europe does not go along in some Economic or Foreign Policy which does not agree with the Kremlin or country holding the natural resource is power play.

Cordoba

The synagogue of Cordoba was built in 1315, and in 1800´s´s was the chapel for the shoemakers, in the process of restoring the chapel
the panels of the synagogue was discover in the 1800´s become a national monument. Besides the Synagogue in Cordoba, the second is Toledo Santa Maria la Blanca.

 

 

Granada

 

The State

How the state is come to being, from what is told, if the state has been part of human history, but the state is creation  of Napoleonic code of 1806, but secular view and the impact changes Europe and eventually the modern world.

Plato in the Republic in Book VI (Plato, Republic, translation Sterling RW and Scott CW, 1985, W.W. Norton & Company Inc), (499-d):“If, then at any time in ages past the best philosophers have obligated to govern the state…” establishing the right to rule is base philosophy and the philosopher is the rightful ruler since the philosopher has the knowledge to be a ruler Book V (473-d):

“It will be possible then, and only then, when kings are philosophers or philosophers kings. The philosopher desires all knowledge. Justice, beauty, good, and so on are single, though their presentation is multiplex and variable.”

The rationalization of the right top rule in the west is describe in Augustine in the City of God

Chapter 21 Book XIX (St Augustine, City of God, Translation Honan et al, Image Books, Toronto, 1958) : “If a commonwealth is the weal of the people, and if there is not people save one bound together by mutual recognition of rights, ad if there is not rights where there is not justices, there is not commonwealth ” but, Chapter 21 of the XIX, the right of ruler was base
on the right for justices.  Leibniz consider the fist cause is God and (Mediations pp 61) and

the justification to rule.  The periods of the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque the western tradition a rulers were base on despotism authoritarian rule manifest in feudal, Roman Catholic through the absolute rule of Bishop from Rome and Fascist/Marxist.

Another tradition base on Oligarchy exposed by Aristotle in (Politics III.1.1275b17–20) and the ones who established first city has the right (Politics- I.2.1253a30–1). Aristotle defined citizenship the right of jury:  “Citizens are distinguished from other inhabitants, such as resident aliens and slaves; and even children and seniors are not unqualified citizens (nor are most ordinary workers). After further analysis he defines the citizen as a person who has the right (exousia) to participate in deliberative or judicial office” (1275b18–21).

The Aristocrats models of elites were adopted by free cities of the medieval. In the same token Aristotle in Athenian constitution chapter 43-49, Penguin Classics, 1984, describe the councils and the election by lot and the concept of the direct democracy for the few.

Up to Napoleon introduce the civic, the right of citizen in Anglo-Saxon, was the owner of the property and for the rest of Europe was base on religion, ethnic group, exclusion was the Jews, never being recognize is part of the citizen.  The fact Jews is outsiders, but in the tradition Pirke Avot (Book I):  “Shemayah and Avtalion received the Torah from them. Shemayah said: Love work; hate domination; and seek not undue intimacy with the government.”  And priority being outsider was again mention Pirke Avot Book II: “Rabban Gamaliel the son of Rabbi Judah the Prince said: Great is study of the Torah when combined with a worldly occupation, for toil in them both puts sin out of mind. All study of the Torah which is not supplemented by work is destined to prove futile and causes sin. Let all who occupy themselves with communal affairs do so for Heaven's sake, for then the merit of their fathers sustains them and their righteousness endures forever. And as for you, G-d will then say: I count you worthy of great reward as if you had done it all yourselves.”

“Hillel said: Do not separate yourself from the community; and do not trust in yourself until the day of your death. Do not judge your fellow until you are in his place. Do not say something that cannot be understood but will be understood in the end. Say not: When I have time I will study because you may never have the time.”

One aspect the Feudal code was different from state to state, was capricious of the will of the Aristocrats. The feudal code base on Justine I code and different was vernacular not base on Christianity.  The modern states suppose to overcome this aspect, but the element and traces, are continues: socialism/cronyism capitalism for the elites supported by the collective taxes of the community and everyone for himself/herself casino capitalism for the rest.
The nation state has been reduce today base on ethnic, religion and race. After collapse of the Soviet Block, the Balkans where WWI began due to ethnic conflict and during WWII, Croatia, Bosnic and many of Islam ethnic groups creating and work with National Socialism of Germany at the time, note Slovinia as group divided themselves some of them fought with Tito and others supported the Germans. Italy concentration Camps in Trieste not only genocide Jews but Slovenian Partisans, but the bigger camp was located in Nova Gornica . Tito in some ways to maintain cohesion kept the past under raps, in 90´s all grievance of the past come alive and today especially in old DDR, Neo-Nazis are alive because for the sake of a new future the responsibility of the genocide of Jews and aggression never took responsibility, the myth the Germany was a victim of the Nazis especially the political justification was base because their race they had the right of land to east. The state is base on authority Bakunin state in Chapter II, in Marxist Freedom & the state, state, Marxism is Authoritarian strand base in many ways in the history of the state, in 1990´s by the end of the Soviet Union, the elite the old nomenclature control the national resource, not the worker, of machine number 5, today Russia is run by elite who still the wealth of a nation.

Relaxing Canals Galway

Human Education and the creation of the University.

Human Education and the creation of the University.

Human experience is to be able to share and experience knowledge. In a recent report from Oxford archaeologist found the handy work of a 7 years of in 15,000 caves with the early drawing depicting the human experience, we can, perhaps speculated the adult where sharing the experience

Education is found in Sumerian tablets, in Egyptian pictographs formal education of the priest class, and Medical education. Early formal education is found in the preparation for the Emperor bureaucracies in China consist of examinations in: calligraphy, philosophy, drawing, arithmetic.

What is unique and needed to be aware is formal education was to prepare the elite, in the west:  Plato Academy and Plato Republic believe wise king having the right to rule, because knowledge. Aristotle Lyceum while was idealistic and more pragmatic, he believe in preparation of the elite, Alexander the Great was one of his students. The uniqueness of these institutions, because base an sophistry and mastery logic, where very secular, from this point of view to question, become a cynical vehicle culminate with the closing of this institutions in 529 by Byzantium Emperor Justinian  I. 

The cynicism towards religion and elitism was exposing again by the father of the Neo-Conservative moment in US. Leon Strauss is being training as Philosopher under Cassirer and the Nazi propagandist Martin Heideger. Hanah Arent and Strauss where exposure to Heideger and German idealism and romanticism philosophy come to different conclusion, Arent was an Internationalist where, Strauss influence by Plato, believe an elite right to rule and religion was medium for the elites to pacify the masses. Strauss believes the lack of elitism in the German Universities to fend and stop the vulgar lower middle class who support the racial National Socialism.

After the closure of the intuitions, for the west the University come from the Medieval guild, but turn to be more complicated:

The Islamic Madrasah (Universities) is a Semitic word in Hebrew Midrash many stories, where in Arabic mean learning, born as religious instructions, in part due to the  conquest of the Byzantium Empire, Islam has access to the Greek knowledge. The rationalist movement advocated by Mutazilite in the 7 century being influence by the Greek´s. In the Madrasah, one of the older´s is in al-Qarawiyyīn Mosqulocated Faz Morocco established 859 AD, alter on in Cairo al-Ahazar University in 959. An innovation by the Madrasah was introduction of secular science such, Logic and Arithmetic. Later on influence the developed of Algebra and medicine in teaching hospital, base on the Greek´s. The connection to the west is by Pope Sylvester II 946-1003 (Gerbert d'Aurillac, born in town Belliac France), he was accused of sorcery for being inspire of the learning in Cordoba Spain.

When he become Pope introduced Liberal Arts like Logic, Arithmetic abdicated in the Islamic Education. He introduces abacus use in Islamic world barrow from China.

The artesian guilds were base on experience and sharing experience with Liberal Arts brought in to the Cathedral education, fuse into the Medieval University. The Cathedral Schools which go back to the 6 Century later on becoming the Medieval Universities of Bologna, 1088 (i.e. emphasis Secular Law) and University Paris (i.e. emphasis on Cannon Law) .

The differences between the Islamic University and Western University is in the west, the Universities, still today a legal identity, they can sell and buy property, and Islam the university is an extension of the community, which does not have is identity any special legal identify.

The research university was model after the German University:

The story related to the fact: Organic Chemistry was the high technology of 1800´s and to the middle of the 20 century. Organic Chemistry, history in the 1816, Michael Chevreul study soups made from fats and alkali, and later on Friedich Wöhler the analysis of Urea is organic product, but the industrial application was obtained and abandon by British in 1856 William Henry Perkin trying to manufacture Quinine need for the colonization of Africa since malaria slow down the colonization, by accident synthesize organic dye, and more over, could be produce an industrial scale. But since the British Empire obtained the dyes with almost not cost from India, Germany developed the science and technology of organic chemistry by a partnership between industry and Universities and German Universities become the first research university.

In US Lincoln labs in MIT under contract developed Sonar for the Navy during WWI and WWII Radar, but history of technologies developed by contract included: During WWII ENIAC developed in University of Pennsylvania, later of with ARPA, the first computer communication developed in LA and Stanford, the same place in the 1940´s and 50´s with the support of US Government the transistor was developed. The US given contract in research through Military, DARPA, NSF and NIH, developed  technologies well knows like the protocol for what will become the internet, or less well know like bolometer by Honeywell in the 70´s declassified in the 90´s open a new research  in middle infrared detectors. The 30 drugs most success to deal with cancer 25 was under NIH funding, a reason: the basic research to product takes more the instant gratification. In 83, MIT budget from US Government support was 250 Millions, today is closed to 1 Billion USD.

At the time of the great depression a narrative was being created in Chicago by Milton Friedman about the market and the Neo Conservative movement influence by Leon Straus in Chicago, the market will decided. But FDR under Keynesian influence inserted the Government and control the volatile, in the 1930´s in the period US was on the verge of a class revolution, the Milton Friedman narrative did not take hold to Nixon, up to this point time health insurance was a non profit, the German Company Kaiser Permanent wanted to privatize health insurance and for them buying non-profit converted into a profit. Milton Friedman ideology was embrace by the Republican Party, and took shape during the Regan administration. In the 1980´s most higher education was supported by student grants, at this time Universities requested two things from Republican administration, was US Government (tax payers) become guarantors of the student loans, in 70´s Harvard cost was 3,000 USD   per year, today is closed to 50,000 USD. Education was privatizing, and what Harvard got in return, was access to the tax payer monies for research grants, since research funding was attached to this grants. Second was ability of the Universities to be able to commercialize the public supported research, many companies like Google originated by University research supported under US Grants. Since the Capitalism crises is base on cronyism, access to who shares the wealth. The US higher Educational system is top down where the PhD from the Ivy Universities are propagated the ideology learn from the ideologues teaching in this Universities, like the fantasy propose for example in End History, is not surprise in 2008 when economy meltdown of the 20,000 Economist in US only 3 predicted a possible bubble in the Market, since many of then controlling the peer review limited any critical comments of the system, but it was not limited to economic meltdown but included the conflict Iraq, with the fantasy we will be welcome as liberators as US becoming Judge, Jury and executor, we can not play God.  

Double Taxation and Free Markets

Double Taxation and Free Markets

One of the selling arguments by the abdicated of the free markets is the markets provide competition and this competition sprout products. While the reality is further from the facts, Organic Chemistry was the high technology of 1800´s and to the middle of the 20 century. Organic Chemistry, history in the 1816, Michael Chevreul study soups made from fats and alkali, and later on Friedich Wöhler the analysis of Urea is organic product, but the industrial application was obtained and abandon by British in 1856 William Henry Perkin trying to manufacture Quinine need for the colonization of Africa since malaria slow down the colonization, by accident synthesize organic dye, and more over, could be produce an industrial scale. But since the British Empire obtained the dyes with almost not cost from India, Germany developed the science and technology of organic chemistry by a partnership between industry and Universities and German Universities become the first research university.

A maverick product was Bayer, aspirin. In WWI the US confiscated all the Patents, Products and trade mark from Bayer and distributes the rights for 70 years to US companies, begin the interference of the market an influence that will benefit from this product. At the same time Sonar for the US Navy was developed in MIT. During WWII ENIAC developed in University of Pennsylvania, later of with ARPA, the first computer communication developed in LA and Stanford, the same place in the 1940´s and 50´s with the support of US Government the transistor was developed. The US given contract in research through the Military, DARPA, NSF and NIH, developed  technologies well knows like the protocol for what will become the internet, or less well know like bolometer by Honeywell in the 70´s declassified in the 90´s open a new research  in middle infrared detectors. The 30 drugs most success to deal with cancer 25 were under NIH funding, a reason: the basic research to product takes more the instant gratification, the industrial labs like AT&T stop to exist in the 1980´s by Regan administration began to implemented a Capitalism base on connections, in a recent report by the NIH, their own grants base on race, where an African American with the same qualifications and track as white will have not chance to obtained the grants, since we tend to support people who are similar to us (i.e. not many African Americans are found this research Tracks). The reason is US has not deal with the race which the nation was built on. But the fact is the tax payer, pay for the research, development and products, then the companies awarded to research, INTEL for example many the initial Microchip development was base on Government contracts, before any one can say where the best, the contract are awarded by contact, in many case many firms and Universities used their Alumni and Lobbies. What happen to Capitalism has been being reduced to pure Cronyism. The public pay the research and still buy the product, what is serious medical  research is deny, by health care pay by monies of the tax payers, why  X company get to benefit of the work from pubic monies, not just GPS, or many consumer products. Science is a long project not company can afford a long project since the share holder inters is short term, the tax payer pay the bill and pay the product a double taxation.

Unetending Consequences

If elite suppose to lead, the question is where are leading us, and that is why not to follow. The higher institutions, where suppose learn and learn also mean to have judgment just a few samples from the last 110 years and the consequences:

Conflict	Year	Leader	Education	Police Leader and Policy	Consequence
Spanish American War	1898	William McKinley	Allegheny College Law School University Albany	President Monroe (Campbelltown Academy/William and Marry College)	Fidel Castro
Philippines	1898	William McKinley		Part of the conflict	40 years of Marcos and Al-Qaeda training ground, many of the terrorist plots acts of 1990´s and culminated with September 11. The Southern Island of the Philippines were and being used for the planning of this plots
Nicaragua	1927-1933	Herbert Hoover	Stanford University	Having the Honor of creating the great depression out incompetence, the second measure international conflict	In the 1970´s US continue supporting the Dictator Family Somoza ending in the late 70´s with Sandinistas
WWI	1914	Woodrow Wilson	John Hopkins University/University of Virginia	WWI come out desire of the German Kaiser to be rival empire to Great Britain losing the conflict, the desire of the French and British to dismember Germany out rival planting the seeds of WWII	Hitler, the WWII was conflict of ideology, the Utopia of a master race versus the Utopia of working class/imperfect imperial democracies
Guatemala	1951	Eisenhower	US Military Academy	Under his leadership, the OSS from WWII, who was under the guide by Alumna from Yale University, transition to the CIA.  Allen Wells Dulles the first director/Princeton University George Washington Law School, his fame, in the 1920´s expose the fraud by the Anti-Semitic Propaganda by Russian Secret Police/possible Pyotr Ivanovich Rachkovsky Protocols of Zion	With the Agrarian Reform by President Árbenz a Center Left Government, the United Fruit Company requested coup d’état consequences from the middle 1990´s to the 2010, Latin America has lean left, but not the only, today Nicaragua is back into the Sandinista. In the 1980´s t0 1990´s the military committed genocide acts against the indigenous natives-Mayas
Iran	1953	Eisenhower		The British-Iran  Petroleum company request to over through of the prime minister Mohammad Mosaddegh by the CIA	Iran is theocratic state with clients in Lebanon and Hamas in the Gaza Strip
Lebanon	1958	Eisenhower		50 years of conflict, but the seed was by creation of France a country run along ethnic and religious line	Hezbollah
Vietnam	50´s/60´s/70´s	Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon	Kennedy(Harvard), Johnson (Southwest Texas State Teachers' College (now Texas State University San Marcos), Nixon (Whittier College/Duke University Law School)	Robert Strange McNamara (University California-Berkeley/Harvard Business School), Henry Kissinger (Harvad)	Vietnam was not a minor conflict, but a power conflict, the first military conflict loss by US. The conflict had consequences between cold war, with collapse of the Soviet Union, and leaving US is the only super-power
Chile	1973	Nixon		Kissinger	Today most of Latin America runs by left and center left. The market experiment imposes by Milton Friedman and allocated (Today many of the Chicago School are the Neo-Conservatives). The policy implemented in the East Europe and Latin countries creating in old Soviet Union an oligarchy class, the old elite under communism. Many of the market experiment give away to corrupt system in Eastern Europe
Argentina	1973	Nixon		Kissinger, the US took a policy of fighting Marxist guerrilla across border, the dirty war in Argentina, with protest of the mothers of the lost and culminated of the Falkland war. The market experiment continues to the Argentinean economy collapse.	During this period one of the long guerrilla conflict in Colombia rage fuel, by poverty and inequality. The reason of this conflicts, the under line poverty still rage, have fuel Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Guyana are run by left and centre left government
Granada	1983	Ronald Regan	Eureka College	While Granada was a minor conflict, become the place were neo-conservative policy found a voice, their influence in Regan administration regarding the Soviet Union, but their view crystallise their ideology	Leon Strauss in the 1930´s responding to his native Germany consider high culture change into murderous society. Strauss believe the easy way to manipulated such higher educated society was possible, because inspire by Plato-Republic only an elite could control the populism. Strauss Students move to Yale to Harvard, since US education is top down the elite schools produces the teachers to less well known schools. Fukiyama with his end history, except September 11 prove so wrong. Elite by nature becomes so separated from the reality.
Afghanistan	1986	Regan		Casey J William (Fordham University/St John University	While Casey being the director of CIA in the high of the Cold war, may be consider a minor figure in fact, he was catalyses of the Neo-Conservatives policies. Casey visiting the Mujadeen in 1986 in his  naivety he comparing them to Christians conservatives in the South US, the cost of the ignorance being teach in the elite of the schools in US is September 11.