The State

How the state is come to being, from what is told, if the state has been part of human history, but the state is creation  of Napoleonic code of 1806, but secular view and the impact changes Europe and eventually the modern world.

Plato in the Republic in Book VI (Plato, Republic, translation Sterling RW and Scott CW, 1985, W.W. Norton & Company Inc), (499-d):“If, then at any time in ages past the best philosophers have obligated to govern the state…” establishing the right to rule is base philosophy and the philosopher is the rightful ruler since the philosopher has the knowledge to be a ruler Book V (473-d):

“It will be possible then, and only then, when kings are philosophers or philosophers kings. The philosopher desires all knowledge. Justice, beauty, good, and so on are single, though their presentation is multiplex and variable.”

The rationalization of the right top rule in the west is describe in Augustine in the City of God

Chapter 21 Book XIX (St Augustine, City of God, Translation Honan et al, Image Books, Toronto, 1958) : “If a commonwealth is the weal of the people, and if there is not people save one bound together by mutual recognition of rights, ad if there is not rights where there is not justices, there is not commonwealth ” but, Chapter 21 of the XIX, the right of ruler was base
on the right for justices.  Leibniz consider the fist cause is God and (Mediations pp 61) and

the justification to rule.  The periods of the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque the western tradition a rulers were base on despotism authoritarian rule manifest in feudal, Roman Catholic through the absolute rule of Bishop from Rome and Fascist/Marxist.

Another tradition base on Oligarchy exposed by Aristotle in (Politics III.1.1275b17–20) and the ones who established first city has the right (Politics- I.2.1253a30–1). Aristotle defined citizenship the right of jury:  “Citizens are distinguished from other inhabitants, such as resident aliens and slaves; and even children and seniors are not unqualified citizens (nor are most ordinary workers). After further analysis he defines the citizen as a person who has the right (exousia) to participate in deliberative or judicial office” (1275b18–21).

The Aristocrats models of elites were adopted by free cities of the medieval. In the same token Aristotle in Athenian constitution chapter 43-49, Penguin Classics, 1984, describe the councils and the election by lot and the concept of the direct democracy for the few.

Up to Napoleon introduce the civic, the right of citizen in Anglo-Saxon, was the owner of the property and for the rest of Europe was base on religion, ethnic group, exclusion was the Jews, never being recognize is part of the citizen.  The fact Jews is outsiders, but in the tradition Pirke Avot (Book I):  “Shemayah and Avtalion received the Torah from them. Shemayah said: Love work; hate domination; and seek not undue intimacy with the government.”  And priority being outsider was again mention Pirke Avot Book II: “Rabban Gamaliel the son of Rabbi Judah the Prince said: Great is study of the Torah when combined with a worldly occupation, for toil in them both puts sin out of mind. All study of the Torah which is not supplemented by work is destined to prove futile and causes sin. Let all who occupy themselves with communal affairs do so for Heaven's sake, for then the merit of their fathers sustains them and their righteousness endures forever. And as for you, G-d will then say: I count you worthy of great reward as if you had done it all yourselves.”

“Hillel said: Do not separate yourself from the community; and do not trust in yourself until the day of your death. Do not judge your fellow until you are in his place. Do not say something that cannot be understood but will be understood in the end. Say not: When I have time I will study because you may never have the time.”

One aspect the Feudal code was different from state to state, was capricious of the will of the Aristocrats. The feudal code base on Justine I code and different was vernacular not base on Christianity.  The modern states suppose to overcome this aspect, but the element and traces, are continues: socialism/cronyism capitalism for the elites supported by the collective taxes of the community and everyone for himself/herself casino capitalism for the rest.
The nation state has been reduce today base on ethnic, religion and race. After collapse of the Soviet Block, the Balkans where WWI began due to ethnic conflict and during WWII, Croatia, Bosnic and many of Islam ethnic groups creating and work with National Socialism of Germany at the time, note Slovinia as group divided themselves some of them fought with Tito and others supported the Germans. Italy concentration Camps in Trieste not only genocide Jews but Slovenian Partisans, but the bigger camp was located in Nova Gornica . Tito in some ways to maintain cohesion kept the past under raps, in 90´s all grievance of the past come alive and today especially in old DDR, Neo-Nazis are alive because for the sake of a new future the responsibility of the genocide of Jews and aggression never took responsibility, the myth the Germany was a victim of the Nazis especially the political justification was base because their race they had the right of land to east. The state is base on authority Bakunin state in Chapter II, in Marxist Freedom & the state, state, Marxism is Authoritarian strand base in many ways in the history of the state, in 1990´s by the end of the Soviet Union, the elite the old nomenclature control the national resource, not the worker, of machine number 5, today Russia is run by elite who still the wealth of a nation.