Granada

 

The State

How the state is come to being, from what is told, if the state has been part of human history, but the state is creation  of Napoleonic code of 1806, but secular view and the impact changes Europe and eventually the modern world.

Plato in the Republic in Book VI (Plato, Republic, translation Sterling RW and Scott CW, 1985, W.W. Norton & Company Inc), (499-d):“If, then at any time in ages past the best philosophers have obligated to govern the state…” establishing the right to rule is base philosophy and the philosopher is the rightful ruler since the philosopher has the knowledge to be a ruler Book V (473-d):

“It will be possible then, and only then, when kings are philosophers or philosophers kings. The philosopher desires all knowledge. Justice, beauty, good, and so on are single, though their presentation is multiplex and variable.”

The rationalization of the right top rule in the west is describe in Augustine in the City of God

Chapter 21 Book XIX (St Augustine, City of God, Translation Honan et al, Image Books, Toronto, 1958) : “If a commonwealth is the weal of the people, and if there is not people save one bound together by mutual recognition of rights, ad if there is not rights where there is not justices, there is not commonwealth ” but, Chapter 21 of the XIX, the right of ruler was base
on the right for justices.  Leibniz consider the fist cause is God and (Mediations pp 61) and

the justification to rule.  The periods of the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque the western tradition a rulers were base on despotism authoritarian rule manifest in feudal, Roman Catholic through the absolute rule of Bishop from Rome and Fascist/Marxist.

Another tradition base on Oligarchy exposed by Aristotle in (Politics III.1.1275b17–20) and the ones who established first city has the right (Politics- I.2.1253a30–1). Aristotle defined citizenship the right of jury:  “Citizens are distinguished from other inhabitants, such as resident aliens and slaves; and even children and seniors are not unqualified citizens (nor are most ordinary workers). After further analysis he defines the citizen as a person who has the right (exousia) to participate in deliberative or judicial office” (1275b18–21).

The Aristocrats models of elites were adopted by free cities of the medieval. In the same token Aristotle in Athenian constitution chapter 43-49, Penguin Classics, 1984, describe the councils and the election by lot and the concept of the direct democracy for the few.

Up to Napoleon introduce the civic, the right of citizen in Anglo-Saxon, was the owner of the property and for the rest of Europe was base on religion, ethnic group, exclusion was the Jews, never being recognize is part of the citizen.  The fact Jews is outsiders, but in the tradition Pirke Avot (Book I):  “Shemayah and Avtalion received the Torah from them. Shemayah said: Love work; hate domination; and seek not undue intimacy with the government.”  And priority being outsider was again mention Pirke Avot Book II: “Rabban Gamaliel the son of Rabbi Judah the Prince said: Great is study of the Torah when combined with a worldly occupation, for toil in them both puts sin out of mind. All study of the Torah which is not supplemented by work is destined to prove futile and causes sin. Let all who occupy themselves with communal affairs do so for Heaven's sake, for then the merit of their fathers sustains them and their righteousness endures forever. And as for you, G-d will then say: I count you worthy of great reward as if you had done it all yourselves.”

“Hillel said: Do not separate yourself from the community; and do not trust in yourself until the day of your death. Do not judge your fellow until you are in his place. Do not say something that cannot be understood but will be understood in the end. Say not: When I have time I will study because you may never have the time.”

One aspect the Feudal code was different from state to state, was capricious of the will of the Aristocrats. The feudal code base on Justine I code and different was vernacular not base on Christianity.  The modern states suppose to overcome this aspect, but the element and traces, are continues: socialism/cronyism capitalism for the elites supported by the collective taxes of the community and everyone for himself/herself casino capitalism for the rest.
The nation state has been reduce today base on ethnic, religion and race. After collapse of the Soviet Block, the Balkans where WWI began due to ethnic conflict and during WWII, Croatia, Bosnic and many of Islam ethnic groups creating and work with National Socialism of Germany at the time, note Slovinia as group divided themselves some of them fought with Tito and others supported the Germans. Italy concentration Camps in Trieste not only genocide Jews but Slovenian Partisans, but the bigger camp was located in Nova Gornica . Tito in some ways to maintain cohesion kept the past under raps, in 90´s all grievance of the past come alive and today especially in old DDR, Neo-Nazis are alive because for the sake of a new future the responsibility of the genocide of Jews and aggression never took responsibility, the myth the Germany was a victim of the Nazis especially the political justification was base because their race they had the right of land to east. The state is base on authority Bakunin state in Chapter II, in Marxist Freedom & the state, state, Marxism is Authoritarian strand base in many ways in the history of the state, in 1990´s by the end of the Soviet Union, the elite the old nomenclature control the national resource, not the worker, of machine number 5, today Russia is run by elite who still the wealth of a nation.

Relaxing Canals Galway

Human Education and the creation of the University.

Human Education and the creation of the University.

Human experience is to be able to share and experience knowledge. In a recent report from Oxford archaeologist found the handy work of a 7 years of in 15,000 caves with the early drawing depicting the human experience, we can, perhaps speculated the adult where sharing the experience

Education is found in Sumerian tablets, in Egyptian pictographs formal education of the priest class, and Medical education. Early formal education is found in the preparation for the Emperor bureaucracies in China consist of examinations in: calligraphy, philosophy, drawing, arithmetic.

What is unique and needed to be aware is formal education was to prepare the elite, in the west:  Plato Academy and Plato Republic believe wise king having the right to rule, because knowledge. Aristotle Lyceum while was idealistic and more pragmatic, he believe in preparation of the elite, Alexander the Great was one of his students. The uniqueness of these institutions, because base an sophistry and mastery logic, where very secular, from this point of view to question, become a cynical vehicle culminate with the closing of this institutions in 529 by Byzantium Emperor Justinian  I. 

The cynicism towards religion and elitism was exposing again by the father of the Neo-Conservative moment in US. Leon Strauss is being training as Philosopher under Cassirer and the Nazi propagandist Martin Heideger. Hanah Arent and Strauss where exposure to Heideger and German idealism and romanticism philosophy come to different conclusion, Arent was an Internationalist where, Strauss influence by Plato, believe an elite right to rule and religion was medium for the elites to pacify the masses. Strauss believes the lack of elitism in the German Universities to fend and stop the vulgar lower middle class who support the racial National Socialism.

After the closure of the intuitions, for the west the University come from the Medieval guild, but turn to be more complicated:

The Islamic Madrasah (Universities) is a Semitic word in Hebrew Midrash many stories, where in Arabic mean learning, born as religious instructions, in part due to the  conquest of the Byzantium Empire, Islam has access to the Greek knowledge. The rationalist movement advocated by Mutazilite in the 7 century being influence by the Greek´s. In the Madrasah, one of the older´s is in al-Qarawiyyīn Mosqulocated Faz Morocco established 859 AD, alter on in Cairo al-Ahazar University in 959. An innovation by the Madrasah was introduction of secular science such, Logic and Arithmetic. Later on influence the developed of Algebra and medicine in teaching hospital, base on the Greek´s. The connection to the west is by Pope Sylvester II 946-1003 (Gerbert d'Aurillac, born in town Belliac France), he was accused of sorcery for being inspire of the learning in Cordoba Spain.

When he become Pope introduced Liberal Arts like Logic, Arithmetic abdicated in the Islamic Education. He introduces abacus use in Islamic world barrow from China.

The artesian guilds were base on experience and sharing experience with Liberal Arts brought in to the Cathedral education, fuse into the Medieval University. The Cathedral Schools which go back to the 6 Century later on becoming the Medieval Universities of Bologna, 1088 (i.e. emphasis Secular Law) and University Paris (i.e. emphasis on Cannon Law) .

The differences between the Islamic University and Western University is in the west, the Universities, still today a legal identity, they can sell and buy property, and Islam the university is an extension of the community, which does not have is identity any special legal identify.

The research university was model after the German University:

The story related to the fact: Organic Chemistry was the high technology of 1800´s and to the middle of the 20 century. Organic Chemistry, history in the 1816, Michael Chevreul study soups made from fats and alkali, and later on Friedich Wöhler the analysis of Urea is organic product, but the industrial application was obtained and abandon by British in 1856 William Henry Perkin trying to manufacture Quinine need for the colonization of Africa since malaria slow down the colonization, by accident synthesize organic dye, and more over, could be produce an industrial scale. But since the British Empire obtained the dyes with almost not cost from India, Germany developed the science and technology of organic chemistry by a partnership between industry and Universities and German Universities become the first research university.

In US Lincoln labs in MIT under contract developed Sonar for the Navy during WWI and WWII Radar, but history of technologies developed by contract included: During WWII ENIAC developed in University of Pennsylvania, later of with ARPA, the first computer communication developed in LA and Stanford, the same place in the 1940´s and 50´s with the support of US Government the transistor was developed. The US given contract in research through Military, DARPA, NSF and NIH, developed  technologies well knows like the protocol for what will become the internet, or less well know like bolometer by Honeywell in the 70´s declassified in the 90´s open a new research  in middle infrared detectors. The 30 drugs most success to deal with cancer 25 was under NIH funding, a reason: the basic research to product takes more the instant gratification. In 83, MIT budget from US Government support was 250 Millions, today is closed to 1 Billion USD.

At the time of the great depression a narrative was being created in Chicago by Milton Friedman about the market and the Neo Conservative movement influence by Leon Straus in Chicago, the market will decided. But FDR under Keynesian influence inserted the Government and control the volatile, in the 1930´s in the period US was on the verge of a class revolution, the Milton Friedman narrative did not take hold to Nixon, up to this point time health insurance was a non profit, the German Company Kaiser Permanent wanted to privatize health insurance and for them buying non-profit converted into a profit. Milton Friedman ideology was embrace by the Republican Party, and took shape during the Regan administration. In the 1980´s most higher education was supported by student grants, at this time Universities requested two things from Republican administration, was US Government (tax payers) become guarantors of the student loans, in 70´s Harvard cost was 3,000 USD   per year, today is closed to 50,000 USD. Education was privatizing, and what Harvard got in return, was access to the tax payer monies for research grants, since research funding was attached to this grants. Second was ability of the Universities to be able to commercialize the public supported research, many companies like Google originated by University research supported under US Grants. Since the Capitalism crises is base on cronyism, access to who shares the wealth. The US higher Educational system is top down where the PhD from the Ivy Universities are propagated the ideology learn from the ideologues teaching in this Universities, like the fantasy propose for example in End History, is not surprise in 2008 when economy meltdown of the 20,000 Economist in US only 3 predicted a possible bubble in the Market, since many of then controlling the peer review limited any critical comments of the system, but it was not limited to economic meltdown but included the conflict Iraq, with the fantasy we will be welcome as liberators as US becoming Judge, Jury and executor, we can not play God.  

Double Taxation and Free Markets

Double Taxation and Free Markets

One of the selling arguments by the abdicated of the free markets is the markets provide competition and this competition sprout products. While the reality is further from the facts, Organic Chemistry was the high technology of 1800´s and to the middle of the 20 century. Organic Chemistry, history in the 1816, Michael Chevreul study soups made from fats and alkali, and later on Friedich Wöhler the analysis of Urea is organic product, but the industrial application was obtained and abandon by British in 1856 William Henry Perkin trying to manufacture Quinine need for the colonization of Africa since malaria slow down the colonization, by accident synthesize organic dye, and more over, could be produce an industrial scale. But since the British Empire obtained the dyes with almost not cost from India, Germany developed the science and technology of organic chemistry by a partnership between industry and Universities and German Universities become the first research university.

A maverick product was Bayer, aspirin. In WWI the US confiscated all the Patents, Products and trade mark from Bayer and distributes the rights for 70 years to US companies, begin the interference of the market an influence that will benefit from this product. At the same time Sonar for the US Navy was developed in MIT. During WWII ENIAC developed in University of Pennsylvania, later of with ARPA, the first computer communication developed in LA and Stanford, the same place in the 1940´s and 50´s with the support of US Government the transistor was developed. The US given contract in research through the Military, DARPA, NSF and NIH, developed  technologies well knows like the protocol for what will become the internet, or less well know like bolometer by Honeywell in the 70´s declassified in the 90´s open a new research  in middle infrared detectors. The 30 drugs most success to deal with cancer 25 were under NIH funding, a reason: the basic research to product takes more the instant gratification, the industrial labs like AT&T stop to exist in the 1980´s by Regan administration began to implemented a Capitalism base on connections, in a recent report by the NIH, their own grants base on race, where an African American with the same qualifications and track as white will have not chance to obtained the grants, since we tend to support people who are similar to us (i.e. not many African Americans are found this research Tracks). The reason is US has not deal with the race which the nation was built on. But the fact is the tax payer, pay for the research, development and products, then the companies awarded to research, INTEL for example many the initial Microchip development was base on Government contracts, before any one can say where the best, the contract are awarded by contact, in many case many firms and Universities used their Alumni and Lobbies. What happen to Capitalism has been being reduced to pure Cronyism. The public pay the research and still buy the product, what is serious medical  research is deny, by health care pay by monies of the tax payers, why  X company get to benefit of the work from pubic monies, not just GPS, or many consumer products. Science is a long project not company can afford a long project since the share holder inters is short term, the tax payer pay the bill and pay the product a double taxation.