A question for Tolerance

 

Montaigne essays were a reaction to the religious war between Protestant Calvinist and Catholics, since St. Bartholomew's Day massacre take place in 1572 instigated by the Queen Catherine de' Medici, the mother of King Charles IX, the massacre started a few days after the marriage on 18 August of the king's sister Margaret to the Protestant King Henry III of Navarre, in a previous occasion in 12^th the Albigensian Crusade 1209–1229 was a military and ideological campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc, southern France. The Crusade was prosecuted primarily by the French crown and promptly took on a political aspect out the greed of French Monarchy wanted the wealth produce in the region—wine production, the same industrial of Protestant in textile production in Bordeaux and Amiens.

The Cathars originated from an anti-materialist reform movement within the Bogomil churches of the Balkans calling for what they saw as a return to the Christian message of perfection, poverty and preaching, combined with a rejection of the physical to the point of starvation. The reforms were a reaction against the often perceived scandalous and dissolute lifestyles of the Catholic clergy in southern France a prelude to Luther protest.

Their theology, neo-Gnostic was basically a dualist. Several of their practices, especially their belief in the inherent evil of the physical world, conflicted with the doctrines of the Incarnation of Christ and Catholic sacraments.

They became known as the Albigensians because there were many adherents in the city of Albi and the surrounding area in the 12th and 13th centuries.

Between 1022 and 1163, the Cathars were condemned by eight local church councils, the last of which, held at Tours, declared that all Albigenses should be put into prison and have their property confiscated. The Third Lateran Council of 1179 repeated the condemnation. Innocent III's diplomatic attempts to roll back Catharism were met with little success. After the murder of his legate Pierre de Castelnau in 1208, and suspecting that Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse was responsible, Innocent III declared a crusade against the Cathars. He offered the lands of the Cathar heretics to any French nobleman willing to take up arms.

The Albigensian Crusade had a role in the creation and institutionalization of both the Dominican Order and the Medieval Inquisition. The Dominicans promulgated the message of the Church and spread it by preaching the Church's teachings in towns and villages to stop the spread of alleged heresies, while the Inquisition investigated people who were accused of teaching heresies. Because of these efforts, all discernible traces of the Cathar movement were eradicated by the middle of the 14th century.  The Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars an act of genocide.

In the case of French Calvinist, their massacre began in the night of 23–24 August 1572, the eve of the feast of Bartholomew the Apostle, two days after the attempted assassination of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, the military and political leader of the Huguenots. King Charles IX ordered the killing of Huguenot leaders, including Coligny, and the slaughter spread throughout Paris. Lasting for weeks, the massacre expanded to the countryside and urban centres, which had concentration of Calvinist such Amiens, estimates for the number of dead across France vary widely, from 5,000 to 30,000.

Montaigne working in his essay having the position of the Mayer of Bordeaux suffering of pandemic take advantage and he self-imposed isolation of 10 years to write his essays. In the First Book Chapter II of Sadness or Sorrow: convey the reaction of Psamneticus king of Egypt losing to Cambises the Persian King, the reaction of the King of Egypt to the killing of his sons and daughters, what more is the isolation, this isolation created fear and from the fear hate to anyone like us.

While WWI the xenophobic nationalism of Germany and losing the war, the Spanish flue pandemic accelerated isolation and then when National Socialism (or equality for the ones who share the same), the hate from National Socialism had easy time in taking roots, without consider any consequence, Montaigne respond to this isolation a call for tolerance.

Santayana point out, we repeat history by having historical amnesia, 75 year since holocaust and 500 years since then British Colony and now the US, which was developed used free labour—slaves.

While Arendt point out, slaves being used in Antiquated and Islam in pagans, the British rationalization of such economic engine—the used of race.

When abolished the slave as intuition, the used segregation as the new economic model, Nixon used as political instrument, the Christianity become as religion of Rome Empire, become a political an institution, the tendencies of Republics to be run by Oligarchies, in the US took shape in the Republican Party, the economics run by Oligarchies tend to leave in crises—since objective is to benefit the few, in case of US the privilege only to whites—the Bush Junior invasion of Iraq accelerated an economic crises—and tax cuts for the white Oligarchy induce a crises—the reaction and desperation elected first African American president—the reaction was to elected not since early 20^th century an open white supremacist and open racist supremacist, with his Republican party open coup e´tat, his  incompetence kill 1.1 Million of his own country men, his Autocratic tendencies—converge with naivety of Marx—the because as Orwell in the Animal Farm, just because you are the same does not mean you will not different from the previous tyrant, Marx experiment lasted 70 years in old Soviet, which genocide their own. The incompetence of their elites and isolation collapse the society—in the end a society run by an elite which robbed their own society—and delusion of Czar Empire a Genocide in Ukraine, while in case of Georgia or Chechens, but Ukraine fight back, the same delusion suffering by elites in China or Theocracy states Saudi, Iran or Afghanistan, in the end the isolation and incompetence, one certainty we can´t take anything thing from this world all what we leaving our actions and good names—history full dust, because in the end we are just that.