The understanding of Nationalism in today terms, we
need to consider 19th century, where despotic Monarchy based on a
divine right, up to the 1700 Europe was par with the Ottoman Empire and China.
In the case of the Ottoman the second siege of Vienna in 1683 taken a tool,
brought down the Empire a characteristic not unique, but especially found in
the Islamic Empire is the absorption of the culture and wealth, and dependents of
conquest commodity materials, hinder progress, Organic Chemistry is good
example original, Michel Eugène Chevreul (1786-1889) a French study fatty and
Alkalis for the developed of soup. Later on in 1828 Friedrich Wöhler produced
the organic chemical urea (carbamide),
from the inorganic ammonium cyanate NH4CNO, but in 1856 William
Henry Perkin, while trying to manufacture quinine, accidentally manufactured
the organic dye, this created an industry, but the crucial breakthrough for
organic chemistry was the concept of chemical structure, developed independently
and simultaneously by Friedrich August Kekulé and Archibald Scott Couper in
1858. The pharmaceutical industry began in the last decade of the 19th century
when the manufacturing of acetylsalicylic acid—more commonly referred to as
aspirin—in Germany was started by Bayer. The cheap access to British industry
of commodity (India), stop any economic development of their industry.
The idea of nationality according to Napoleon freedom
could only be achieved by nationalism, up to the all the conflict in Europe in
the secular sense was conflicts of succession, where any treat from the
previous monarchy was not respect by the successor, and after Napoleon try to create
a liberal, based on citizenship of Nationality included equal right to
different Religious, this impact the Jews up to them since 412 the Theodosius
Code, where consider not just outsider but equivalent to an adulterer women
(the reason Christians forced the Jews to have yellow as identification,
because Yellow was color for prostitutes and adultery women, Israelowitz 2016,
Historical Origin of Antisemitism). The lost Napoleon, the Reactionary Czar Alexander
I, with Austrian and Prussia created “Holy
Alliance” based on the Christian Gospel, while the British was the fourth
Force and the Foreign Ministry Lord Castlereagh a reactionary Aristocrat, but
he consider the Alliance a Mythical nonsense, because for the British the
Liberation of the Economy and International Mercantilism was the Empire.
The failure of Napoleon and the Creation of the “Holy Alliance” (Russia, Habbsburg
Empire, and Prussia) become an ideal of a restoration to Autocratic, divine
right Monarchies. Napoleon Project of secular and based on Citizenship had an
effect in Europe, where the restoration was not possible across, since the Holy
German Empire collapse in the 1700 reduce the German in small nations, Napoleon
created the citizenship and one German Nation. German Identity added the
Languages as part of the identity, while Austria spoke for all the German. The
German fathers of Nationalism saw the entire Germans rule from Berlin, because
Vienna, the Austria Empire was multi-ethnic, multi-culture (the same reaction
Hitler felt about Vienna, The Occults Roots
of Nazism, Gooddrick-Clark, 2012)—the roots of Xenophobic Germany was taken place. The eventuality the Liberal
Europe lost, but the ideals of strong man ruler in Bolivar (himself travel to
see Napoleon Coronation), while the Spanish Monarchy Fernando VII, restore the
absolutism, and the more liberal officers plot (the idea of the use of the
military as instrument to achieved a political objective, but most of the cases
fail, because support especially the peasants—Marx disdain for the peasants was
in did, ignorance—Marx assume the peasants were monarchist, deeply conservative,
Anti-Liberal, pro-religion (In the Communist Manifest explicit call the "Idiocy
of the Rural life"), but, in Spain the liberal officers and elite-- promise land
reform, so they had support and hold a fight like in Cadiz in 1820, in the case
of Spain with a Generation the Spanish Revolution support come from small towns,
villages, peasants). The result when Spain try to impose over the colonies had
not personal, not qualify personal and without resources, the reactionary
monarchy lost the colonies. In the case of Portugal the royal Family flee to
Brazil where they had a constitutional Monarchy, the cousin of the King made
claim with British support obtain the Monarchy and force a restoration, with
liberal Military after some doing was end to exile.
Where the Holy Alliance introduce the reactionary
Louis XVIII the brother of Louis XVI, did not stop many times to overthought
Louis reintroduce not just the absolute monarchy, but restore the Catholic
Church land privilege, and the absolute to the Aristocrats, eventually his
death because his obesity, while Charles X he was more reactionary, taken side
with more reactionary class, which wanted back to Feudal times.
But for the rest of Europe in case of Belgium where rebellious
gains the Dutch Monarchy, and the rebels had support from the British, since
the British had Constitutional Monarchy, sympathize, where the same Italian
Revolts Leon XII introduced the law not Jews in the reestablished Papal estates
could not hold property.
In proper Russia, an elite officer and many
Aristocrats plot against the Czar for a liberal Russia, Decembrist, about 6000,
many send to exile in Siberia, some long term Jail, and 5 send to the death.
The consequences the reactionary Monarchy had created sphere influence, when
the Poles Diet had Autonomy under the threat of Vienna, they revolt against the
Czar, applied an early policy used in the Caucasus against Islam,
Russification, they deny the identity of them forcing all in Russian, with
Russian Education under the Russian Orthodox Church.
Because the repression of the by the “Holy Alliance”, many when underground
creating secret societies like the Carbonri,
which British encourage in Italy against Napoleon, since now the Napoleon brought
the concept of Nation, Europe had not interest to belong to an Empire, how
Liberal or secular, but the Nationalism saw themselves, only through secular
and liberal societies because Roman Catholic church was power yield by an
individual the pope.
One event, which change and inspire the Liberals was
Greek independence from the ottomans, while British worry, because will open
influence of Russia, to extend the policy of Sphere of influence, and the long
run they need to worry, but Russia defect with internal repression, inequality
and dependence on commodity. Still the Massacre by Ottomans Chios the killing
of women and Children, created support accord the spectrum, many liberal
secrets societies participated, while
the reality in the ground, where the Greeks also committed massacres against
the Turks, but the death of Lord Byron for the cause created a rally point for
the cause.
Evan´s in his 2016 “The pursuit of Power Europe
1815-1914”, describes the emancipation of the serf was done out fear, the serf
will emancipated themselves, and the Aristocrats will lost control, for the
Monarchist was a top down and for the landless peasants in case of Poland the
Czar give the titles of more than 100 Million parcels of land out fear, a land
reform which not applied to Russia proper, when Russia Revolution take place
the ambivalence, and the support of the revolution, not just come from the
working class of the 19th century, but from the new middle class,
where the liberal found their natural constitutes. A second reason for the
emancipation was the fact, because like in case Austria and Prussia, 40% of the
income when to taxes to the Empire around 17%, the rest to the Aristocrats
holder undermines the development of Agriculture. The landowners found others
ways for a compensation their loss, because they control Justice, they had way
black mail tenets. Still the integration of the peasant agriculture to
development created situation where the peasant only had his labor to sold,
reducing into a queasy-serfdom, in Prussia up to the time WWI, and the peasant
did not have the right of factory workers and the land gentry can still continue
the tradition of corporal punishment. The situation did not mean was passive
across Europe peasant revolt took place in Russia 1834-1863 illegal tree
cutting 20,000 charges each years, 950
cases of arson 1905-1907. The reaction in Europe was blame to agitators,
religious fervor and Jews, but the Czar fear of the peasant in Russia cancel
redemption payments and extension of the Peasant Land Bank. The same revolt
occurred across Romania, Moldova, which the Army was end to culled down the
revolts.
In Spain by 1830, the land owners increase the power
by using sharecropping system. In Spain the reintroduction of absolutism of the
Monarchy and the agriculture reform was sunder liberal governments, the Carlista revolts was anti-liberal and
the hate against peasants. The first Carlista
revolt 1832-1839, many of the small landowners and peasant fought Napoleon
as Guerrilla warfare under British support had the expertise and succession
fight between Fernando VII and his younger brother Carlos began the peasant revolts. The revolt was the landowners to grant any
reform, the conflict continues in 1847 and the third Carlista 1872-1876.
The south of Spain were the liberal administration
were not able to introduce Agrarian reform since the Aristocrats with the land
owners power stop any reform, the peasant turn to Anarchy in 1848.Revolt in
Italy in 1863, which the entire Italian Army was send to stop revolts, the
Napoleon reform never introduced. In Europe the lack of the reform took new
faces of banditry and discontent.
On the other hand, the working class in 1800´s began,
while Artesian (the Guilds were consider Privilege, and reservoir of the land
less peasant as the working class in the industrial revolution) was used were being
displace, many of the work in the Textile in North France South Belgium, where
being treat was harsh and especially the Deutsch owners, many were monarchist,
the saw the workers not least humans, with harsh measures like deductive pay
from being late, using toileted often, to oil the machines to much including
low quality—temperatures in this fabrics in the 30 Celsius (not access to
water), with 14 hours days brought strike and open conflict again the owners,
most of the textile workers were women and children. The factories were very
dangerous placed and affecting health from bronchitis to deafens, the employers
blamer the works from their own health, since they consider the place is
dangerous place—according to them they work own risk.
The industrial revolution coined by the French
economist Jerome-Adolphe Blanqui (1798-1854) mean besides of mass production,
was the used of machines for this uniform and mass production and extended to
every possible industry (still dangerous with the new machines in some ways
increased for need of tempo). While promises never kept by mine operators for
such dangerous work, the workers created their system of support, the creation
working associations for their own protection.
Nationalism based an idea of Citizenship, and
ethnicity base on languages distinct, reinforce by religious believe such was
the case in 19th Century Austria Czech or Finland relationship with
Russia manifested in Finish Karvala or Music Sevilus in some places like
Germany take darker meaning the introduction of race or in 21 Century British
exit of European Unit base on demagogue right tory racist against Eastern
Europeans, transforming into identity (in 2008 the race riots in Belfast against
Polish was preview), while the resentment manifested against the other, the
roots, are Margaret—Neo Liberal economy, which the New Feudal overlords are the
wealth and the new peasant the res the 99%. The air since collapse of the Soviet, centralize
state, and with the economic meltdown of 2008 of the Neo-liberal not
regulations, where individuals without impunity raided the coffers of the
state, leaving the population in poverty, in the 1848 the spirit of revolt against
the restoration is the same today where the dogmatic neo-liberalism forcing a
few owning the wealth, leaving the rest of population in Dickerson Novel
without hope.
The delusional contradiction of the Marxist like in
the revolts 1848, freedom could not be obtain just by guaranty of citizenship,
since the fundamental question is who is the citizen and exclusions begin, you cannot
obtained freedom by dictatorship of the state (or an elite which is to enforce
an homogeneous behavior).
While, the support not only come from reactionary
Roman Catholic Church, expressed by British-Scottish Catholics, Beevor, the Battle For Spain, The Spanish
Civil War 1936-1939 (2206), the direct involvement by the Mussolini--Fascist and
the German National Socialist. The idea of region exercising power defined the privilege
through citizenship or ballot. The underline of Anarchy is the relationship of
power and his application, while individual can identify and express, where for
Marxist the idea of power of the state many liberation movements like the Italian
Unification, Poland as Nation, taken victimization to a level justification of
power, of course, injustices exist due to this power relationships, the
question become how resolved. The Kurd's, who provide Suleiman, and Prussia
King, who for his own purpose use Islam as Political stamen, in 1905 with his
visit to his Suleiman grave, to obtain the alliances of the Ottomans, therefore Muslims and the policy of the used of Political Islam continue under National
Socialist to the point creation SS units under Mufti of Jerusalem, participated
not only in Genocide of Serbian and Jews. But Churchill, after the Ottoman took
side with the Prussia Kaiser in WWI conflict, deny any territorial recognition,
forcing the Kurd's into new nations created by the British, where 20 Million
under the Turks. The conflict of Syria and by then Öcolan in Prison, inspire by
Brookchin Libertarian Municipalities, and the Islamic State is conclusion by
Republican US administration invasion Iraq, the Islamic State an ideal creation
to a Theocratic State—many of their support come from alienation of a youth not
able to adapt to secular consume society, they themselves having idealized
Islam, where Ottoman come to the doors to Vienna twice, conquest and hold Spain
closed 900 years, since 1700´s and especially 19th century behind of
an industrial, scientific and technological revolution. The Öcalan see a
Libertarian as Autonomous region inside the state: Rojava, where multi ethnic-equal
society builds under Libertarian Municipality ideals.
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