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Nationalism, Ethnicity, Identity and Anarchism

The understanding of Nationalism in today terms, we need to consider 19^th century, where despotic Monarchy based on a divine right, up to the 1700 Europe was par with the Ottoman Empire and China. In the case of the Ottoman the second siege of Vienna in 1683 taken a tool, brought down the Empire a characteristic not unique, but especially found in the Islamic Empire is the absorption of the culture and wealth, and dependents of conquest commodity materials, hinder progress, Organic Chemistry is good example original, Michel Eugène Chevreul (1786-1889) a French study fatty and Alkalis for the developed of soup. Later on in 1828 Friedrich Wöhler produced the organic chemical urea (carbamide), from the inorganic ammonium cyanate NH₄CNO, but in 1856 William Henry Perkin, while trying to manufacture quinine, accidentally manufactured the organic dye, this created an industry, but the crucial breakthrough for organic chemistry was the concept of chemical structure, developed independently and simultaneously by Friedrich August Kekulé and Archibald Scott Couper in 1858. The pharmaceutical industry began in the last decade of the 19th century when the manufacturing of acetylsalicylic acid—more commonly referred to as aspirin—in Germany was started by Bayer. The cheap access to British industry of commodity (India), stop any economic development of their industry.

The idea of nationality according to Napoleon freedom could only be achieved by nationalism, up to the all the conflict in Europe in the secular sense was conflicts of succession, where any treat from the previous monarchy was not respect by the successor, and after Napoleon try to create a liberal, based on citizenship of Nationality included equal right to different Religious, this impact the Jews up to them since 412 the Theodosius Code, where consider not just outsider but equivalent to an adulterer women (the reason Christians forced the Jews to have yellow as identification, because Yellow was color for prostitutes and adultery women, Israelowitz 2016, Historical Origin of Antisemitism). The lost Napoleon, the Reactionary Czar Alexander I, with Austrian and Prussia created “Holy Alliance” based on the Christian Gospel, while the British was the fourth Force and the Foreign Ministry Lord Castlereagh a reactionary Aristocrat, but he consider the Alliance a Mythical nonsense, because for the British the Liberation of the Economy and International Mercantilism was the Empire.

The failure of Napoleon and the Creation of the “Holy Alliance” (Russia, Habbsburg Empire, and Prussia) become an ideal of a restoration to Autocratic, divine right Monarchies. Napoleon Project of secular and based on Citizenship had an effect in Europe, where the restoration was not possible across, since the Holy German Empire collapse in the 1700 reduce the German in small nations, Napoleon created the citizenship and one German Nation. German Identity added the Languages as part of the identity, while Austria spoke for all the German. The German fathers of Nationalism saw the entire Germans rule from Berlin, because Vienna, the Austria Empire was multi-ethnic, multi-culture (the same reaction Hitler felt about Vienna, The Occults Roots  of Nazism, Gooddrick-Clark, 2012)—the roots of Xenophobic Germany was taken place. The eventuality the Liberal Europe lost, but the ideals of strong man ruler in Bolivar (himself travel to see Napoleon Coronation), while the Spanish Monarchy Fernando VII, restore the absolutism, and the more liberal officers plot (the idea of the use of the military as instrument to achieved a political objective, but most of the cases fail, because support especially the peasants—Marx disdain for the peasants was in did, ignorance—Marx assume the peasants were monarchist, deeply conservative, Anti-Liberal, pro-religion (In the Communist Manifest explicit call the "Idiocy of the Rural life"), but, in Spain the liberal officers and elite-- promise land reform, so they had support and hold a fight like in Cadiz in 1820, in the case of Spain with a Generation the Spanish Revolution support come from small towns, villages, peasants). The result when Spain try to impose over the colonies had not personal, not qualify personal and without resources, the reactionary monarchy lost the colonies. In the case of Portugal the royal Family flee to Brazil where they had a constitutional Monarchy, the cousin of the King made claim with British support obtain the Monarchy and force a restoration, with liberal Military after some doing was end to exile.

Where the Holy Alliance introduce the reactionary Louis XVIII the brother of Louis XVI, did not stop many times to overthought Louis reintroduce not just the absolute monarchy, but restore the Catholic Church land privilege, and the absolute to the Aristocrats, eventually his death because his obesity, while Charles X he was more reactionary, taken side with more reactionary class, which wanted back to Feudal times.

But for the rest of Europe in case of Belgium where rebellious gains the Dutch Monarchy, and the rebels had support from the British, since the British had Constitutional Monarchy, sympathize, where the same Italian Revolts Leon XII introduced the law not Jews in the reestablished Papal estates could not hold property.

In proper Russia, an elite officer and many Aristocrats plot against the Czar for a liberal Russia, Decembrist, about 6000, many send to exile in Siberia, some long term Jail, and 5 send to the death. The consequences the reactionary Monarchy had created sphere influence, when the Poles Diet had Autonomy under the threat of Vienna, they revolt against the Czar, applied an early policy used in the Caucasus against Islam, Russification, they deny the identity of them forcing all in Russian, with Russian Education under the Russian Orthodox Church.

Because the repression of the by the “Holy Alliance”, many when underground creating secret societies like the Carbonri, which British encourage in Italy against Napoleon, since now the Napoleon brought the concept of Nation, Europe had not interest to belong to an Empire, how Liberal or secular, but the Nationalism saw themselves, only through secular and liberal societies because Roman Catholic church was power yield by an individual the pope.

One event, which change and inspire the Liberals was Greek independence from the ottomans, while British worry, because will open influence of Russia, to extend the policy of Sphere of influence, and the long run they need to worry, but Russia defect with internal repression, inequality and dependence on commodity. Still the Massacre by Ottomans Chios the killing of women and Children, created support accord the spectrum, many liberal secrets societies  participated, while the reality in the ground, where the Greeks also committed massacres against the Turks, but the death of Lord Byron for the cause created a rally point for the cause.

Evan´s in his 2016 “The pursuit of Power Europe 1815-1914”, describes the emancipation of the serf was done out fear, the serf will emancipated themselves, and the Aristocrats will lost control, for the Monarchist was a top down and for the landless peasants in case of Poland the Czar give the titles of more than 100 Million parcels of land out fear, a land reform which not applied to Russia proper, when Russia Revolution take place the ambivalence, and the support of the revolution, not just come from the working class of the 19^th century, but from the new middle class, where the liberal found their natural constitutes. A second reason for the emancipation was the fact, because like in case Austria and Prussia, 40% of the income when to taxes to the Empire around 17%, the rest to the Aristocrats holder undermines the development of Agriculture. The landowners found others ways for a compensation their loss, because they control Justice, they had way black mail tenets. Still the integration of the peasant agriculture to development created situation where the peasant only had his labor to sold, reducing into a queasy-serfdom, in Prussia up to the time WWI, and the peasant did not have the right of factory workers and the land gentry can still continue the tradition of corporal punishment. The situation did not mean was passive across Europe peasant revolt took place in Russia 1834-1863 illegal tree cutting  20,000 charges each years, 950 cases of arson 1905-1907. The reaction in Europe was blame to agitators, religious fervor and Jews, but the Czar fear of the peasant in Russia cancel redemption payments and extension of the Peasant Land Bank. The same revolt occurred across Romania, Moldova, which the Army was end to culled down the revolts.

In Spain by 1830, the land owners increase the power by using sharecropping system. In Spain the reintroduction of absolutism of the Monarchy and the agriculture reform was sunder liberal governments, the Carlista revolts was anti-liberal and the hate against peasants. The first Carlista revolt 1832-1839, many of the small landowners and peasant fought Napoleon as Guerrilla warfare under British support had the expertise and succession fight between Fernando VII and his younger brother Carlos began the peasant revolts.  The revolt was the landowners to grant any reform, the conflict continues in 1847 and the third Carlista 1872-1876.

The south of Spain were the liberal administration were not able to introduce Agrarian reform since the Aristocrats with the land owners power stop any reform, the peasant turn to Anarchy in 1848.Revolt in Italy in 1863, which the entire Italian Army was send to stop revolts, the Napoleon reform never introduced. In Europe the lack of the reform took new faces of banditry and discontent.

On the other hand, the working class in 1800´s began, while Artesian (the Guilds were consider Privilege, and reservoir of the land less peasant as the working class in the industrial revolution) was used were being displace, many of the work in the Textile in North France South Belgium, where being treat was harsh and especially the Deutsch owners, many were monarchist, the saw the workers not least humans, with harsh measures like deductive pay from being late, using toileted often, to oil the machines to much including low quality—temperatures in this fabrics in the 30 Celsius (not access to water), with 14 hours days brought strike and open conflict again the owners, most of the textile workers were women and children. The factories were very dangerous placed and affecting health from bronchitis to deafens, the employers blamer the works from their own health, since they consider the place is dangerous place—according to them they work own risk.

The industrial revolution coined by the French economist Jerome-Adolphe Blanqui (1798-1854) mean besides of mass production, was the used of machines for this uniform and mass production and extended to every possible industry (still dangerous with the new machines in some ways increased for need of tempo). While promises never kept by mine operators for such dangerous work, the workers created their system of support, the creation working associations for their own protection.

Nationalism based an idea of Citizenship, and ethnicity base on languages distinct, reinforce by religious believe such was the case in 19^th Century Austria Czech or Finland relationship with Russia manifested in Finish Karvala or Music Sevilus in some places like Germany take darker meaning the introduction of race or in 21 Century British exit of European Unit base on demagogue right tory racist against Eastern Europeans, transforming into identity (in 2008 the race riots in Belfast against Polish was preview), while the resentment manifested against the other, the roots, are Margaret—Neo Liberal economy, which the New Feudal overlords are the wealth and the new peasant the res the 99%.  The air since collapse of the Soviet, centralize state, and with the economic meltdown of 2008 of the Neo-liberal not regulations, where individuals without impunity raided the coffers of the state, leaving the population in poverty, in the 1848 the spirit of revolt against the restoration is the same today where the dogmatic neo-liberalism forcing a few owning the wealth, leaving the rest of population in Dickerson Novel without hope.    

The delusional contradiction of the Marxist like in the revolts 1848, freedom could not be obtain just by guaranty of citizenship, since the fundamental question is who is the citizen and exclusions begin, you cannot obtained freedom by dictatorship of the state (or an elite which is to enforce an homogeneous behavior).

While, the support not only come from reactionary Roman Catholic Church, expressed by British-Scottish Catholics,  Beevor, the Battle For Spain, The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 (2206), the direct involvement by the Mussolini--Fascist and the German National Socialist. The idea of region exercising power defined the privilege through citizenship or ballot. The underline of Anarchy is the relationship of power and his application, while individual can identify and express, where for Marxist the idea of power of the state many liberation movements like the Italian Unification, Poland as Nation, taken victimization to a level justification of power, of course, injustices exist due to this power relationships, the question become how resolved. The Kurd's, who provide Suleiman, and Prussia King, who for his own purpose use Islam as Political stamen, in 1905 with his visit to his Suleiman grave, to obtain the alliances of the Ottomans, therefore Muslims and the policy of the used of Political Islam continue under National Socialist to the point creation SS units under Mufti of Jerusalem, participated not only in Genocide of Serbian and Jews. But Churchill, after the Ottoman took side with the Prussia Kaiser in WWI conflict, deny any territorial recognition, forcing the Kurd's into new nations created by the British, where 20 Million under the Turks. The conflict of Syria and by then Öcolan in Prison, inspire by Brookchin Libertarian Municipalities, and the Islamic State is conclusion by Republican US administration invasion Iraq, the Islamic State an ideal creation to a Theocratic State—many of their support come from alienation of a youth not able to adapt to secular consume society, they themselves having idealized Islam, where Ottoman come to the doors to Vienna twice, conquest and hold Spain closed 900 years, since 1700´s and especially 19^th century behind of an industrial, scientific and technological revolution. The Öcalan see a Libertarian as Autonomous region inside the state: Rojava, where multi ethnic-equal society builds under Libertarian Municipality ideals.