Anti-Semitic
Christianity
The relationship between Christianity and Judaism turned into a hate relationship and reinforced with western concepts of power. In 325 A.D, the first council of Nicea established two doctrinal rules which formalized anti Jewish feeling, because according early doctrine, the Jews did not accept the new Messiah, and I can discuss with anyone this particular issue, but when Augustine in City of God structure power relationship between Authority of the Church and Political system, the base of the relationship was established, having a consequence that lasted 2,000 years.
The first doctrinal rule was that Christians don't need to be circumcised, the consequence being Judaism was no longer the gate to a God. There was a new gate, the church. The second doctrinal rule was that Jews were not allowed to own Slaves, especially Christians. Rome, like Athens, was an economic power built on slaves and subjugation of conquest. Since the Jewish land owners couldn't own slaves, the consequence was that they could not compete with free labour. The denial led to guilds and other limited options. When the first universities were created in the 12 Century, Paris and Bologna, access was denied. In the pyramidal world, the Jews belonged to the King. Only professions where royalty license was required, allowed few access and they were in the Medical Profession and Attorneys. But, the majority of the Jews, lived in the margins of the society. In Worms Germany, the Jewish community came through Constantinople via Prague. They lived by selling Onions, a difficult living, and created a community life. In the 11 Century and 12 Century , Worms had a famous Talmudic School, that influenced the communities through centuries to come. Money lending was not allowed in the Christian world and Jews, being in the margins, found a small niche, but only few found work in money lending and mythology spurred, but for the majority they lived in poverty.
Land ownership for the Jews especially, since the slaves provided the labour in Rome, was reinforced in Augustine, inspired by Plato. Republic, where everyone had a place in the pyramidal hierarchy, where the top was the philosopher king, where the philosopher as ideal ruler and everyone in the utopia community has a place in this pyramid.
Augustine, in the City of God, rationalized and legitimized that everyone had a place in this utopia where the new philosopher was the church and the king, the lords and the serfs are under this despotic rule. And then were the Jews, they did not fit in this universe and they become the outsiders. In Europe they belonged to a pyramid, giving them a sense of collective destiny, through the power of the church and the state, but the Jews were outsiders, and this took an ugly side.
Constantine converted to Christianity and Rome's conquest of Judea 70 CE, denied access to Jerusalem, but communities flourished in Galilee. With Constantine, Jews didn't fit in the Christian Power system. Denying access to all the land of Judea, denied any validity to Judaism as a religion, since there is only one gate to god, and Judaism was not to be. Still, from the first exile there were communities in Babylon and they moved west to Spain from the first century. The conflict in Spain was significant when the Visigoths converted to Christianity making the Jews the outsider. The first massacres, and forced conversions were in the 5th and 7th century.
After Islam's conquest, in the Iberian Peninsula, the Jew's life took a worse turn. The first crusade was against the Cathars in the 11 Century, when the Popes from Avignion excommunicated count Raymond VI from Toulouse. Since Raymond VI protected Cathars and Raymon produced high quality of wines, the King of France wanted the lands and Pope did not want a heresy who would threaten the church power, especially the women with the Cathars who were part of the authority and the church had issues from the beginning.
For the Jews, the streets behind the cathedral of the town were restricted. Despite the Sicut Judea is, which was supposed to protect the Jews, not to force or harm them, reinforced by many Popes from 700 to the 11 century, but in practice, Pope Innocent III (1198-1296) introduced yellow clothes to identify the Jews, and his innovation was practice by Islam towards the Jews.
Early in the 10th century, the Jews in England were expelled until the 15th Century, but in the crusades, the story took a ugly side, which is important to recount. In 1096, the Jewish communities in the Rhine and Danube were destroyed in Mainz in 1096. 11,000 were burned alive. In many cases, the communities committed suicide rather than being forced into a Christian Conversion. With the conquest of Jerusalem by Crusaders, the Jerusalem Jewish community was massacred. Described by the Muslin accounts by Ibn al Qalanisis, where all were burned alive and the Crusades ransomed the Jewish Holy books. In the period of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, after Christian nations' reconquest of Jerusalem and the region calcified by Rome as Palestine, the take over, the Christian forces burned the Jewish community alive in the synagogue and Islam did not do much better, but no Jews were to be in Jerusalem according to Roman law after the conquest of Jerusalem in 70 CE.
In the second crusade, in 1147, the communities in France were destroyed and in Metz, 1,000 were burned alive. By the third crusade. the Jewish communities were expelled.
In 1010, the council of Toledo authorized the kidnapping of Jewish Children to convert them into Christians. This tradition continued to the 1815. There was a famous case in Italy where the servant baptised the family child and the child was removed by the church. The case was notorious in New York at the time it was reported.
But the legitimization of Christian Anti-Semitism took place in Seville in the 13 Century, with Iberian reconquest by Christianity in the 13 Century, in Seville, half of the 40,000 Jews were forced to convert to Christianity. Archbishop Martinenez called for the genocide of Jews and later on Luther took the same stand after Jews from Worms refused to convert to his Christianity. In Toledo, 4000 were kill and 25,000 were sold to slavery. Eventually in 1493 the inquisition was established. In that time, 10,000 were accused of being Jews and 1,400 burned alive.
With the introduction of separated zones for the Jews and a Ghetto, a place in Venice where Jews where allowed to get water was created, since for the Jews to use the water, they needed to pay a special tax.
At the same time in the 13 century in Seville, laws were passed where office Holders needed to be Pura Sangre. No non-Christians were allowed to have any power position in the new world. In 1700, in Mexico City, the Carvajal Family, who had influence, the New Governor accused them of being secret Jews, Marranos, pig. They made a public trial and eventually the family was burned in Mexico City. Interested Franco never used these laws which were passed in Germany and Italy in the 1930s and 1940s.
The Jews were blamed for the black plague in Europe. In part, Jewish Ritual, the simple washing of hands, stops the spread of virus carried by rats who spread the sickness over Europe.
The pressure was great in the Jewish community when the invitation by the King of Krawko, offered open land ownership to the Jews for the first time since the time of Rome, after Sweden gave up the Pale region from Estonia to Ukraine to Russia. Katherine the
Great limited the Jews into the Pale and they were not allowed in Russia Proper.
When Luther appeared as a reformer and wanted a more conservative Christian approach, he tried to convert the Jews in Germany but the Jews refused to accept the New Christian Religion culminated with Von den Juden und Ihren Lügen and eventually was used by the National Socialist party in Germany.
In the 1800s began major migrations by Ukrainian Jews from the Pale to the US, after 100,000 Jews were kill in pogroms by the Cossack under encouragement by Russian Czars, and culmination in 1900s with the book of the Protocols of Zion.
Emile Zola
Anti Semitic has been used as a power and more a control through violence. The nobility used the Jews as an escape from their political and economic failures, i.e. Napoleon breaking the power of the church giving the French Jews civil rights but not rights as a nation.
In 1800, National identity took place and the tolerance of the North Countries extended to Jews. In the case of Dreyfus, the Jewish Capitan accused of selling French military secrets to the German High command, and sentenced to life spending 10 years in Devils Island in French Guiana. Eventually, when the Military secrets kept coming to the German High Command, Emily Zola took the cause of injustice. It was eventually discovered that the spy was Major Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy and the counter intelligence officer Lt Colonel Piquart was sent to Tunisia to silence him, but Emile Zola took his case. This situation influenced many Middle Class Jews who wanted to maintain a Jewish identity and to be a citizen. To be a normal citizen, requires a place where a majority culture can be maintained, and the solution was a creation of a Jewish nation. From the Dreyfus spending 10 years and eventually pardon by the French WWII, the tarnished French intelligence serve on the eve of WWII, when German attack France from the woods of the Ardent, they had information, by internally had not confidence or any credibility with the French military establishment.
The French Anti-Semitism from the 1800s was real. Even today, there is a special tax to be paid if selling to non-Christian even if one of the spouses is of Hebrew race or is from a race that is Anglo-Saxon and is known in covenanted clauses. Another tradition took root in the intellectual left and right in France. One issue was that they wanted assimilation, not a distinct group, in the Libertarian Left like Pierre Joseph Proudhon, and later Michael Bakunin, on the Marxist side, because of an ambiguity and later on Lennin in the Jewish Question, tried to put into a working class setting, misunderstood that the Jewish question was about identity. In Communism, there was a repression to national identity and distinctness, and here Jews had no place, despite that an Autonomous region was assigned for the Jews close to Mongolia, away from any major population center.
Judaism does not try to create a universal religion, like Christianity or Islam, but conversion had happened from Ruth the mother of David, about 20% of the Jews had Visgoth DNA. Today in Spain 20% have Y male DNA from Jews and 13% from Arabs.
In the 20th Century in Germany, the National Socialist party went further and used race as a political solution. Anti-Semitisms was secularize, the introduction of Eugenic to Phrenology, not just Germany but Italy.
The holocaust was a solution for a total destruction of a group because of race and religion. It was not just the use of Zyclon B or slaves forced to death, in some way in the 20th century, the first elimination of groups in industrial scale was not done by Germany, despite the irony, the reason of the Genocide of one and a half million Armenians was known due to German military medic Amid T Wegner, who took photos of the deportation and camps WWI. But was also knows to US, British and French at the time. The first industrial Genocide was achieved by an Islamic country in WWI, and when we mean industrial is mass murder, still the criminal act, has impact to the pathology of actor.
In some ways, in the Americas, with the introduction of the European Colonies, though unintentional, brought sickness to the natives that were not immunized.
In Africa, Leopold II of Belgium in the 1800s in Congo, imposed a quote in the Rubber Plantations. Leopold cut the right hands of the tribesmen that did not achieve quotas.
The use of race as a political and economic solution, was created in 400 Years of British Colonies in America and eventually the US. The second was as national police as race applied by Germany against the Jews and Gypses (Romma), considered as non-people, as a political solution was the total extermination, and yes 6 Million Jews were exterminated in Europe, by Germany in 1930’ to 1945, not only active but passive as well.
In the late 20th Century, the same was done in Cambodia by a communist regime. Stalin, with 20 Million killed by force collectivization. Iraq used gas to kill the Kurdsih population.
Jews and Islam
The relationship between Muhammad and the Jews had a bad start from the beginning, like in Christianity. The idea of being Chosen by God had justification to legitimize the new religions and Judaism had proclaimed the special relationship. Islam wanted to be legitimized and the competition came from Judaism.
Even Muhammad had treaties with Jewish tribes of Medina, but they took the side against Muhammad. In the Battle of Banu, Quarayza took the side of the potential prince of Medina Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy. The conflict took an ugly turn since the Jews refused to accept Muhammad as prophet or his prophecy. 900 Jewish enemies of Muhammad, after the capture of Medina, were decapitated.
More over, Muhammad had never been to Jerusalem, but Muhammad claimed, the inspiration of the Koran was given to him by the Angel Gabriel on the Temple Mount.
Jerusalem was Conquer in 638 CE by Islam, 20 years after the death of Muhammad, from Rome. The Christian and Jewish communities were allowed a state under, dhimmi laws which were codified around 622 CE. This still applies in Islamic states today, like Iran and the Kingdom Saudi Arabia.
The dhimmi laws were intended to dehumanize the other people from the book.
Rules like special blue colour was introduced by Christians in 717 CE, and yellow for the Jews, special taxes like Jizya was applied to all the people of the book, even in the public baths, where Jews like Islam, circumcision was shared, Jews needed to wear a yellow string. They designed jobs only for them. In Christian grave yard jobs were allowed, since Islam considered these impure jobs. The restrictions were not just dress codes or jobs, but physical aspects of the sizes of towers of churches. No new synagogues were built since when Muhammad was alive. Jews were not allowed to ride camels. The only transportation was donkeys and for Christians mules.
But there was other side of Islam, pogroms and harsh application of the law. In the Iberian Peninsula, under the Islamic Conquest, the puritan movements of the Almohad dynasty in the 11 Century, forcing conversion for Christians and Jews, choosing exile or martyrdom. In some ways, the expulsion of the Jews from Iberia began in the 11 century.
Forced conversion by Islam was found in great numbers in Timbuktu. Bukharan Jews, in Persian, during the Safavid dynasty, in the 16th and 17th century, pogroms in Mashhad Iran. Major pogroms in the Islamic world was found in Lybia in 1785 and 1945, Damascus 1840, Casablanca 1907 and Egypt 1945.
The same killing practice against the Jews was found in the Islamic world,
But the compelling relationship is in the Shura of the Koran towards the Jews:
The Cow
1.[2.62] Surely those who believe, and those who are Jews, and the Christians, and the Sabians, whoever believes in Allah and the Last day and does good, they shall have their reward from their Lord, and there is no fear for them, nor shall they grieve.
2.[2.113] And the Jews say: The Christians do not follow anything (good) and the Christians say: The Jews do not follow anything (good) while they recite the (same) Book. Even thus say those who have no knowledge, like to what they say; so Allah shall judge between them on the day of resurrection in what they differ.
3.[2.120] And the Jews will not be pleased with you, nor the Christians until you follow their religion. Say: Surely Allah's guidance, that is the (true) guidance. And if you follow their desires after the knowledge that has come to you, you shall have no guardian from Allah, nor any helper.
4.[2.135] And they say: Be Jews or Christians, you will be on the right course. Say: Nay! (we follow) the religion of Ibrahim, the Hanif, and he was not one of the polytheists.
5.[2.140] Nay! do you say that Ibrahim and Ismail and Yaqoub and the tribes were Jews or Christians? Say: Are you better knowing or Allah? And who is more unjust than he who conceals a testimony that he has from Allah? And Allah is not at all heedless of what you do.
The Family of Imran
1.[3.23] Have you not considered those (Jews) who are given a portion of the Book? They are invited to the Book of Allah that it might decide between them, then a part of them turn back and they withdraw.
The Women
1.[4.46] Of those who are Jews (there are those who) alter words from their places and say: We have heard and we disobey and: Hear, may you not be made to hear! and: Raina, distorting (the word) with their tongues and taunting about religion; and if they had said (instead): We have heard and we obey, and hearken, and unzurna it would have been better for them and more upright; but Allah has cursed them on account of their unbelief, so they do not believe but a little.
2.[4.160] Wherefore for the iniquity of those who are Jews did We disallow to them the good things which had been made lawful for them and for their hindering many (people) from Allah's way.
The Dinner Table
1.[5.18] And the Jews and the Christians say: We are the sons of Allah and His beloved ones. Say: Why does He then chastise you for your faults? Nay, you are mortals from among those whom He has created, He forgives whom He pleases and chastises whom He pleases; and Allah's is the kingdom of the heavens and the earth and what is between them, and to Him is the eventual coming.
2.[5.41] O Apostle! let not those grieve you who strive together in hastening to unbelief from among those who say with their mouths: We believe, and their hearts do not believe, and from among those who are Jews; they are listeners for the sake of a lie, listeners for another people who have not come to you; they alter the words from their places, saying: If you are given this, take it, and if you are not given this, be cautious; and as for him whose temptation Allah desires, you cannot control anything for him with Allah. Those are they for whom Allah does not desire that He should purify their hearts; they shall have disgrace in this world, and they shall have a grievous chastisement in the hereafter.
3.[5.44] Surely We revealed the Taurat in which was guidance and light; with it the prophets who submitted themselves (to Allah) judged (matters) for those who were Jews, and the masters of Divine knowledge and the doctors, because they were required to guard (part) of the Book of Allah, and they were witnesses thereof; therefore fear not the people and fear Me, and do not take a small price for My communications; and whoever did not judge by what Allah revealed, those are they that are the unbelievers.
4.[5.51] O you who believe! do not take the Jews and the Christians for friends; they are friends of each other; and whoever amongst you takes them for a friend, then surely he is one of them; surely Allah does not guide the unjust people.
5.[5.64] And the Jews say: The hand of Allah is tied up! Their hands shall be shackled and they shall be cursed for what they say. Nay, both His hands are spread out, He expends as He pleases; and what has been revealed to you from your Lord will certainly make many of them increase in inordinate and unbelief; and We have put enmity and hatred among them till the day of resurrection; whenever they kindle a fire for war Allah puts it out, and they strive to make mischief in the land; and Allah does not love the mischief-makers.
6.[5.69] Surely those who believe and those who are Jews and the Sabians and the Christians whoever believes in Allah and the last day and does good-- they shall have no fear nor shall they grieve.
7.[5.82] Certainly you will find the most violent of people in enmity for those who believe (to be) the Jews and those who are polytheists, and you will certainly find the nearest in friendship to those who believe (to be) those who say: We are Christians; this is because there are priests and monks among them and because they do not behave proudly.
The Cattle
1.[6.146] And to those who were Jews We made unlawful every animal having claws, and of oxen and sheep We made unlawful to them the fat of both, except such as was on their backs or the entrails or what was mixed with bones: this was a punishment We gave them on account of their rebellion, and We are surely Truthful.
The Immunity
1.[9.30] And the Jews say: Uzair is the son of Allah; and the Christians say: The Messiah is the son of Allah; these are the words of their mouths; they imitate the saying of those who disbelieved before; may Allah destroy them; how they are turned away!
The Bee
1.[16.118] And for those who were Jews We prohibited what We have related to you already, and We did them no injustice, but they were unjust to themselves.
The Pilgrimage
1.[22.17] Surely those who believe and those who are Jews and the Sabeans and the Christians and the Magians and those who associate (others with Allah)-- surely Allah will decide between them on the day of resurrection; surely Allah is a witness over all things.
The Congregation
1.[62.6] Say: O you who are Jews, if you think that you are the favorites of Allah to the exclusion of other people, then invoke death If you are truthful.
Christians and Islam
The Cow
1.[2.62] Surely those who believe, and those who are Jews, and the Christians, and the Sabians, whoever believes in Allah and the Last day and does good, they shall have their reward from their Lord, and there is no fear for them, nor shall they grieve.
2.[2.113] And the Jews say: The Christians do not follow anything (good) and the Christians say: The Jews do not follow anything (good) while they recite the (same) Book. Even thus say those who have no knowledge, like to what they say; so Allah shall judge between them on the day of resurrection in what they differ.
3.[2.120] And the Jews will not be pleased with you, nor the Christians until you follow their religion. Say: Surely Allah's guidance, that is the (true) guidance. And if you follow their desires after the knowledge that has come to you, you shall have no guardian from Allah, nor any helper.
4.[2.135] And they say: Be Jews or Christians, you will be on the right course. Say: Nay! (we follow) the religion of Ibrahim, the Hanif, and he was not one of the polytheists.
5.[2.140] Nay! do you say that Ibrahim and Ismail and Yaqoub and the tribes were Jews or Christians? Say: Are you better knowing or Allah? And who is more unjust than he who conceals a testimony that he has from Allah? And Allah is not at all heedless of what you do.
The Dinner Table
1.[5.14] And with those who say, We are Christians, We made a covenant, but they neglected a portion of what they were reminded of, therefore We excited among them enmity and hatred to the day of resurrection; and Allah will inform them of what they did.
2.[5.18] And the Jews and the Christians say: We are the sons of Allah and His beloved ones. Say: Why does He then chastise you for your faults? Nay, you are mortals from among those whom He has created, He forgives whom He pleases and chastises whom He pleases; and Allah's is the kingdom of the heavens and the earth and what is between them, and to Him is the eventual coming.
3.[5.51] O you who believe! do not take the Jews and the Christians for friends; they are friends of each other; and whoever amongst you takes them for a friend, then surely he is one of them; surely Allah does not guide the unjust people.
4.[5.69] Surely those who believe and those who are Jews and the Sabians and the Christians whoever believes in Allah and the last day and does good-- they shall have no fear nor shall they grieve.
5.[5.82] Certainly you will find the most violent of people in enmity for those who believe (to be) the Jews and those who are polytheists, and you will certainly find the nearest in friendship to those who believe (to be) those who say: We are Christians; this is because there are priests and monks among them and because they do not behave proudly.
The Immunity
1.[9.30] And the Jews say: Uzair is the son of Allah; and the Christians say: The Messiah is the son of Allah; these are the words of their mouths; they imitate the saying of those who disbelieved before; may Allah destroy them; how they are turned away!
The Pilgrimage
1.[22.17] Surely those who believe and those who are Jews and the Sabeans and the Christians and the Magians and those who associate (others with Allah)-- surely Allah will decide between them on the day of resurrection; surely Allah is a witness over all things.
Secularization of Anti – Semitisms
Mussolini's Italy became recognized by the Roman Catholic Church that kept the 2,000 year anti-Semitic tradition. The initial Fascist Italian philosophy was the desire of the Empire. In WWI, the German Kaiser wanted to be like the British or French empire. After an Italian pact with Nazi Germany in 1930s, the imperial desires of Italy took a new development with introduction of races as a political instrument. The first diplomatic recognition of Nazi Germany was the Roman Catholic Church, and industrial mass killing of Jews was justified under this racial policies.
The Anti-Semitism traditions of Europe were customized, in the beginning by Nazi Germany, and not just Austria, Hitler's home land, but Croatia and Slovakia under the Roman Catholic dictatorship. These two countries were under two Roman Catholic Priests, which by the end of WWII Germany, when Germany was losing and the SS ranks were open in Holland, Slovakia, Hungary, Rumania, Croatia, Flanders and Estonia, Latvia and Ukraine, special police units were formed to deal with the Jewish question and Muslins in Bosnia, but this time it was open to any one who was blond and blue eyed, even the sub Asiatic, even the ones who accepted the offer, eventually left because the arrogance of the SS officers towards them.
The eugenics movement in the 1900s were used as scientific evidence about one race versus another. Eventually, other pseudo sciences emerged like Phrenology, anthropology to differencing race and of course trying to rationalize using Darwin theories on evolution. Evolution can describe and with that, found a DNA blue print, but no question of intelligence can be defined by DNA. What genes tell you the mechanism which intelligence could arise, but not intelligence per se.
Islam and Nazis
The relationship between Nazi Germany and Islam took distinct paths in North Africa, like in the case of Europe, some individuals saved Jews. In Europe, collaboration governments like Vichy France or neutral Switzerland let the trains carry deported Jews from Italy to camps in Eastern Europe. Other counties like Denmark or Bulgaria took measures to save the communities. In Iran, the regime of Reza Shah was prepared to take sides with Nazi Germany, and the British and Soviet Union invaded Iran to prevent becoming allied with Germany.
Mufti of Jerusalem
With the early Jewish immigration in late 1800s and 1900s, the Arabs were alarmed, but the leader of Islam in Jerusalem, Mohammad Amin al-Husayni, was active against the British in Palestine and Jewish Immigration. In the 1920s, after the Balfour declaration riots took place, his leadership helped to increase due to the riots intensive under his banner, his family, his half brother was the Mufti of Jerusalem, eventually created a rift. His politics went to Pan –Arabism, in 1922 he was elected to the Mufti of Jerusalem.
In 1936 to 1939 he lead a revolt against the British and Jewish immigration, one reason was the Western Wall was under Wafq (Muslin Supreme Council) and Jews hand not right to the Western wall.
After the failure of the revolt, the British try to engage him, but he send decrees against the Jewish immigration. He tried to make the Al-Alqsan a symbol of Palestine under Arab rule and Pan-Arabism.
In 1943 Himmler sent a Telegram to the Mufti of Jerusalem saying that the National Socialist moment from the inception, declared war against his common enemies the Jews. Eventually the Mufti declared fatwa against the British and the Jews, from expulsion and genocide of the Jews, but this time he was in Iraq after the British occupied Iraq, he was granted asylum in Iran. Since the British eventually occupied Iran, he found a home in Italy in 1941. He made a deal with Germany by declaring war against the Allies. The axis would recognize a Pan-Arabic Kingdom which included Palestine, Syria and Jordan. The Jewish solution would be resolved in cooperation with agreement of the Jewish situation by Germany and Italy. In 1941, the Mufti of Jerusalem meets Hitler to finalize the agreement and the Mufti denied he knew about the Holocaust, but Eichmann amd deputy Dieter Wislicery, in his trial gave testimony that Mohammad Amin al-Husayni knew about the holocaust. Today there is a historical document were Mohammad Amin al-Husayni with Himler set SS units to be sent to Palestine to the only purpose to Genocide the Jewish communities in Palestine, if Rommel would break the British line in Egypt.
But the second action he encouraged was to help to established SS units in Bosnia to support the extermination of Serbs. After WWII, he was arrested by the French in France and sentenced by the Yugoslav Military Court as a war criminal and denied rights. In 1946 he escaped, in 1950 was in Egypt and later on, came to Lebanon to his death in 1974.
Pan-Arabism
Mohammad Amin al-Husayni manefested religious Anti-Semitism in the 1920s in Egypt, developed by School Teacher Hassan al-Banna in 1928. The Islamic Brotherhood, as a revival of Islam Sharia Law and the Sunnah, called the way of Jihad and established a puritan Pan-Islamic regime. One of the influential members, Sayyid Qutb and his brother Muhammad Qutb, had influence that was felt even by Osama bin Laden.
The Islamic brotherhood was contrary to secular parties derived from Pan-Arabism, where philosophy was not a religion, but based on an ethnic connection. Socialism for Arabs, was an ethnic group.
Nasser of Egypt tried a Pan-Arabic nation with Syria. After a coup by the Shiaa Minority in Syria, the Bath party in Syria was run by the Alawi Shiaa minority that created a conflict with the Sunni Islamic Brotherhood in Allepo in 1985. The Islamic Brotherhood was in open rebellion against the Baath Party (Arab Socialist Renaissance Party) of Hafez al-Assad in Syria, killing between 150,000 to 200,000 civilians by the military. The Baath party came to power in 1963. Besides Syria, Iraq was another regime. The philosophy was socialism and Pan-Arabism and nationalism. The Baath party was created by Michel Aflaq an Orthodox Greek, who believed Islam provided the Arabs an expression of high culture. The differences was the Syrian Baath party and Iraq Baath, who were considered true Baaths and in Syria Alawi minority.
Islamic Brotherhood in Egypt has called for the revival of the Jizya tax for Christian Coptics to be under protection of the Islamic Regime.
Two States
Since the partition in 1947 of Palestine, a name given by Rome to deny the Jews any claim, the religious conflict with a secular Zionist movement, from cleaning the area of Arabs and Arabs that didn't want Jews in the historical land. From the Partition, both sides had used clear areas. The expulsion of the Jews from Hebron in the 1930s and pogrom in 1939 made sure no Jew would be in Hebron. The place has historical significance, since Abraham, Jacob and Isaac. Both groups make a claim, and there is no one willing to share.
It is clear the two state solution has become the reality of the ground and the fantasy the Jewish will be swimming will not happen.
The Jewish question has been about identity, especially since human evolution, our real Eden is somewhere in Ethiopia Africa. The idea of ethnicity has been used in Bosnia against Muslins and Rwanda in recent times or today in the Sudan, by Islamic regime against the Christian South.
Hammas, being born from religious charities, supported by the Islamic Brotherhood in Egypt, had become a counter weight to secular Palestinian Authority, when the PA was in control especially in Gaza became corrupted.
Hammas, being Sunni supported by Iran, Shiaa, with money and weapons, Egypt and Saudi regimes feel threatened, after Hammas took over Gaza from PA by a Coup d’Etat. Egypt with Israel closed the border. Hammas was elected to power through a ballot with the objective of one single Islamic Palestinian State with the territories before the 1947 partition and free of Jews in this Palestinian State and Christians under Islamic law.
Israel has occupied the territories in 1967 and settlements policy had created a conflict not because the occupation, since creation of Palestinian State side by side will begin to resolve the historical rift, but because the issue today is Iran's desire to be the leader in the Islamic world and the symbol is not just Arabs in Jerusalem, but Jerusalem itself.
In July 18 of 1994 AMIA (Argentine Israelite Mutual Association) was destroyed. 85 people were killed and 200 people injured, in October 25 2006, Argentine prosecutor Alberto Nisman and Marcelo Martínez Burgos, officially charged the Islamic republic of Iran, directing the bomb and Hezbollah militia for executing the bomb explosion. The reason given was because Argentina had stopped the Nuclear Transfer Technology to the Iranian Islamic regime.
On March 6 2007, former Congressman Mario Cafiero and former government official Luis D'Elia provided evidence at a press conference that Abolghasem Mesbahi, along with two other Iranians that gave alleged evidence implicating Iran in the bombing, were members of the People's Mujahedin of Iran and arrest warrants were issued by Interpol for the other two Iranians, Hadi Roshanravani and Hamid Reza Eshagi Hadi Roshanravani.
After Israel left Gaza in 2002 and a year and half of the expulsion, the kidnapping of the Israeli soldier in 2006 accelerated the conflict. Because the wall built in 1967 used to separate the territories, there was limited movement to Israel proper. No suicide bombings were possible. The alternative was the use of Rockets and to use an improved version. Chinese rockets given to Iran that Iran transferred to Hammas, improved the range to include 1.5 Million inhabitant of Southern Israel.
In 2006, Hezbollah kidnapped an Israeli soldier which opened a second war in Lebanon and since the occupation of 10 years by Israel, was the first war in Lebanon. The ferocity of Israel to Lebanon, despite Hezbollah's declaration of victory, issues an apology for bringing such destruction, which we are seeing again in Gaza. The killing of civilians by any side is a crime, but wars create a situation in which civilians pay a price. In Gaza, Hammas was elected and Hammas has an agenda, which is to stop the existence of Isreal as a state. No Jew will be allowed in the new Islamic state. Egyptian state feeling threatened by the Islamic brotherhood and Islamic State of Iran, has kept and will keep the crossing to Rapha closed. Egypt, like Jordan, PA and Saudi Kingdom will come to agreement on the two state solution.
If the right in Israel will take power in the next elections, it will make it difficult at least for four years for any comprise. Violence is an act of last resort and does not produce a good result, but is sometimes inevitable. It is no secret the Israel has in his hands 200 nuclear weapons, and the US 15,000, Russia about 13,000, as a national deterrence, but never explicitly has been used as threat. But the fact that in possession becomes the threat itself, except Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Iranian president in October 26, 2005 calling Israel a disgrace and stain in the Islamic world needed to be wiped from the world map, after the Iranian said what he mean was from pages of history. The New York times reviewed the original comments given by the office of the Iranian president, where he called for the wiping of Israel from the map.
The second time he called for the use of nuclear destruction. In the 2008 Election, in the Democratic Primaries, Hillary Clinton declared if Iran will wipe out a friend of the US, US will wipe out Iran. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad the US for the threat of Genocide.
In December 16, 2006, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad addressing the International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust, were he said, ”Israel is about to crash. This is God's promise and the wish of all the world's nations."
Moreover in the same year, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad wrote Angela Merkel a letter where he said the Holocaust was a creation of the Allies against Germany, to make feel guilty.
Another remark Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said to the Iranian news was that he has seen the 13th Immnan. In some ways in Shiaa, will be equivalent to the Messiah. When he gave his speech in the UN, George the 42 President of the US was not the only one to be speaking to God.
A nation which a political system where different religious groups in a parliament defined by this religious groups, France tilted from beginning towards the Maoirie Christian, which at the time had the most population to change eventually, confessionalism in Lebanon had not work just because the 4 distinct groups, Christian Maorite, Druze, Shiaas and Sunis, but because the Israeli conflict and occupation of 10 years by Israel and 20 years by Syria.
Apartheid
In the South Africa act in 1909 by the British Government creating the South African Union, there were two provisions dealing with race. One put a socio economic limitation and the second was the creation of the native affair Ministry, which was used later on the Native Land and Trust Act (1936) that complemented the 1913 Native Land Act, which remove blacks from Cape Town voting roles, but the most significant of the act was that 20% of the controlling population was white, with control over 80% of the land and 80% of the population with 20% of the land. When South Africa past in 1946, the Asiatic Land Tenure Bill (1946), it denied any sale of new land to Indians.
Not since the institution of slavery in the US, has race been used to define a social, political and economic agenda.
The state can limit privileges allocated to the natives, but in secular states the limitations, are defined by civic duties. In some countries, like Iran, Sudan, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia, were Sharia law is in placed, the rights depend on religion, including sexes and females are limited to a dress code, driving education limitation.
DNA
The question of Israel is about historical claims to a land, and the land has been in major conquest by many of the Religions. Ernest Renan popularized between the years 1923 to 1927, the Ashkenazi Jews were a mix and most of the mix comes from the Khazars who converted to Judaism in the 9th Century. John O. Beaty published The Iron Curtain over America, where he wrote the Khazars Jews would take over America, since he saw the Russians as Turks. Many Pan-Arabic and Islamic used this argument to deny any claim to the land to the Jews, and that the Palestinians had more right then the Jews.
With the DNA study using the Y Chromosome which carried male by male in 1999 study by Hammer et al, published the comparion of the Y chromosomes of Ashkenazi, Roman, North African, Kurdish, Near Eastern, Yemenite, and Ethiopian Jews with 16 non-Jewish groups from similar geographic locations. It found that "Despite their long-term residence in different countries and isolation from one another, most Jewish populations were not significantly different from one another at the genetic level. The results support the hypothesis that the paternal gene pools of Jewish communities from Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East descended from a common Middle Eastern ancestral population, and suggest that most Jewish communities have remained relatively isolated from neighboring non-Jewish communities during and after the Diaspora.”
Left Anti-Semitism
The relationship between Socialist philosophies with the Jews and Israel had been at least confrontational. Many Jews being in the margins of society, took sides with the ones who are being marginalize by the legitimizing power. In many cases the legitimization was by religion.
The sense of marginalization, took many forms from Marx, Rosa Luxemburg, Alexander Beckman and Emma Goldman. But a tradition of the 20th Century had manifested in Europe, having a collective tradition and being comprised of marginal groups as more a of tradition of individualism.
This produced a conflict, not just individual rights like Emma going to Lenin and asking for free speech versus the collective demand for individual rights.
With Cuban the Revolution and Vietnam, native revolutions were legitimized, so for example, in Iran, the primer minister through out the 1950s dared to nationalize a natural resource or Honduras at the same time for Land Reform.
The question of nativism is the heart of the Israeli and Palestinian conflict and the left has difficulties to accept a historically marginalized group to challenge collective mentality in Europe. Moreover the fact that the land has been conquered by different groups in region, but the strip has strategic value. The land connects to Africa, with the Middle East and Europe. In the 1960s with liberation theology, where Marxist ideas mixed with Christian ideas in social issues, drew back into Anti-Semitism that has been a part of Christianity since it's inception, whether the Jews are guilty of killing the Christian God, or for not being kind to Christ carrying the cross, or not. There was a recent mini attack in the Synagogue in Caracas, sanctioned by Hugo Chaves' Government, and he did not take responsibility, blaming the opposition.
Of course it is necessary to be critical of governments, their policies, human right violations, and individual making decisions, but the Palestinian Authority and Israel must begin an agreement to resolve the creation of a Palestinian stated leaving side by side.
Because, so far with exception of Turkey, after WWI, who become a secular dictatorship and in recent times, the revival of Islamism in Turkey, the Middle East has no secular tradition except the Baath party. In the case of Iraq, Egypt, or Syria, even the Palestinian Authority has it's origins in the Baath Party which has Authoritarian tendencies, corruption and incompetence.
The partition is a reality and like in Gaza, the settlement was extricated, and will be eventually in the West Bank, opened for the establishment of the Palestinian state.
The UN as of today is out of Gaza not because Israel this time, but Hammas has taken the warehouses from the UN, to exert control over Gaza. Hammas is afraid the PA will reassert itself in the Gaza, and of course both are using the population as pawns, not to deny Hammas was elected in Gaza and that is no secret that Hammas wants Israel to no longer exist and to establish as an Islamic state.
The left is taken by Palestinian nativism force in part because Jews in Europe had not wanted to assimilate to Europe. In some ways the new Islamic population in Europe wants to maintain their identity and Europe demands assimilation in the name of collective assimilation found in the European tradition.
After the Lebanese war and now with the Gaza, the accusation of Human rights or bringing to Holland for the international war crimes, in some ways the US with Israel and 85 nations does not ardent to the court and can not be bring it to a trial, and Hammas is not represented as a nation.
Israel is a secular system with a Jewish identity. The political system is drawn from the British system and the Supreme Court has upheld the rights of Arabs Israelis, regarding job or housing. Of course there is an ethnic conflict, but a secular nation is a internal solution to the Jewish question of having a Palestinian state side by side with Israel.
Close to Hannover, about 15 km from the home where the King George I, II and III were born. The House of the Prussian Kaiser and Royal House of Denmark, Celle was about 1 km from Bergen Belzec, and a camp originally used to house Russian Prisoners of war. The British liberated the camp. The Royal British family origins are from Celle. The British destroyed the camp after liberation out of anger against the Celle population. But at that time it was too late for Anna Frank, who as a Deutsch Jew lived at the camp. Nazi Germany wanted to Bargain them for German prisoners or Ransom her mother and sister that ended up in Auschwitz. Anna's death was due to Cholera in the camp. The camp just put up a memorial and the camp had a small gas chamber, which began to be used by end of the WWII.