I want to wish every one a Happy Holiday and happy new years to everyone. I will like point out, 2006 a year of irony, where two dictators supported by US, both committed crimes against their own people.
In Chile one escape his crime against humanity by his death and of course the support given by US will never question.
The second death is orchestrate by puppet Government and trial which brake the international law, of course he did not only 150 Shiia, but thousands of Kurds where gas. The technology given by US including helicopters which were use against them
The bottom line is in both case we will never found what was the total involvement by different US administration, at least the images of Donald Rumsfeld in the 80's shaken hands with the dictator under Regan administration is part of story, what irony and hypocrisy,
Saturday, December 30, 2006
Thursday, December 28, 2006
What is wrong?
A summer as a college student, I work in a binding factory our days start at 6:00 a.m. and half hour for lunch at 11:00 a.m. Our lunch had very spirit full discussion to politics, but as reflection of US a self segregated society, where African Americans were not invited to our lunch group.
The disparate make me to ask a question if US society we have obligation for reparations to African Americas and implicit to the first nation inhabiting the continent when first European settler come to US shores. The answer always was no, since many my Fellow Workers claim they grant parents when come did not own or beneficed directly from the slave trade or the first nations. My contention was from the first settlers to late arrivals, since first nation where here had an economy, an exchange of goods by first nations show a wealth in the land and from the slave trade wherever was rice, tobacco or cotton later was base to row wealth transfer to ship builders in Philadelphia and Rode Island, to the Financial Capital New York. What ever was port enter to the new land from Ellis Island or other port enter, the new comer will find buildings, farms, plantations, industries build on labor and capital from slave trade, even today Aetna Insurance recognize they lend money to the plantation owners against their slave stock. Which urge the question how we got here, the mythology of Pilgrims escaping religious persecution from England and they impose their own religious tyranny, where Jews were exclude and Christmas was band for twenty years in the new freedom land, beg question how mosaic was create, and to do we need to follow the path of the myth.
Myth of Hebrew?
In the Talmud, the eyes are the windows of the soul and the story Rabbi Johanna Ben Zakkai was smuggle out Jerusalem during siege by Romans under Vespasian shows the soul, but history of two thousand years soul. The zealots control the city and even the death where not allot leave the city contrary of Jewish law, since the death need to be laid down the same day. But since Rabbi Johanna Ben Zakkai name had weight his body was allot to leave the city.
The siege by the Romans, which controlled the exits from Jerusalem, in the case of Rabbi Johanna Ben Zakkai was detainee under normal circumstance will mean torture. When Rabbi Johanna Ben Zakkai meets Vespasian he greeting was hail Caesar. Vespasian holds Johanna Ben Zakkai and in the same evening Vespasian was recall to Rome to become Caesar. Titus his son took over siege of Jerusalem and eventually the destruction. In case Rabbi Johanna Ben Zakkai, Vespasian offered him anything and what Rabbi Johanna Ben Zakkai requested Talmudical Academy in Yavne.
When Theodore Herzl show Zionism is alternative question, the Orthodox Rabbis where against and in even today in their hearth Orthodox are against, even today and from beginning of Zionism religious nationalist and US modern Orthodox Jews today accept the state of Israel . But the reason why the Orthodox Jews gave for the rejection is only God can give what took away.
The base of the argument in the Talmud Baba Kama, explain in the Salomon song of songs where the daughters of the world will not beat Israel so bad, but after the Holocaust all beats are off according n Orthodox who are supporting Zionist moment, on the other hand the Orthodox only God can give and take. Where this conviction come from well the reason Saul lost his crown and Kingdom was not because his war conduct or family scandal, because he refuse to completed genocide. According to the Law (Torah) Remember Amaleq mean the Hebrews needed genocide the nation, because they attack in desert Amaleq when after the weak, the children, women and elderly. Only God is the absolute Truth, black and white only he has the certainty. Here is the core of conflict with Israel and contradiction. Zionism said to the Jews you are Western and not the absolute from East and the Orthodox said our forefathers like Rabbi Joanna Ben Zakkai made a choice, not to plead for Jerusalem, the land, but Talmudical Academy. The reason of his choice the Law is absolute and God given.
In the 60’s a parallel conflict appear between Hannah Arendt and Leo Strauss. Both German Jews both obtained PhD one in Freiburg and the other in Hamburg under influence of Ernst Cassirer, one under Nazi Philosopher Martin Heidegger and the other had conversations with the Nazi Smith who was thinker for the Jurist Prudence for the Nazi ideology. Strauss conversation with Smith deal with the noble lie and the right of an elite-philosopher king to divine right to government. Strauss and Hanna come to different conclusions from the holocaust experience one felt in home with Machiavelli and the other can be categorize with Isaiah Berlin. Hannah enter US late when the genocide of Europe was in progress, the only reason why the Spanish guards in the border let her pass to Spain was because his famous colleague Benjamin hang himself in the border out despair. Strauss immigrate to US in late 30’s before the full fledge holocaust was unfolded.
Leo Strauss, Philosopher, but his Jewish Education an appearances they can read Torah his school famous for Saturday night reading like the Orthodox the section of the week, but ignorant of Talmud. The nature of Talmud required dedication, time and slow process. Strauss school took the pride in ignorance. Strauss believes are base on Socrates the Philosopher King a men in their description wealth making righteous to them the noble lied is necessary for the common good, since Philosopher King has the best Judgment. Some aspects in Strauss outlook can be compare to Calvinist believe the God given the money and power because we are righteous.
Strauss second Source is Maimonides. Maimonides was the first one to take Greek-Aristotle and under influence of Ibn Rushd (1126--1198 A. D.) better known as Averroes and trying to Judaizer their thoughts, in the Arab world, towards the close of the 10th century A.D. in Basrah flourished a Philosophical Society known as Ikhwan-al-Safa (Brethren of Purity). They tried unsuccessfully to reconcile religion with science. Their encyclopedic work consisting of 51 treatises contain the idea of goodness and moral perfection. In the end a strain of purist took in place. In Maimonides case the Rabbinical Authority the Western Jews (Ashkenazy) ex-communicate him because his love with western philosophy.
In any case his attend to reconcile Judaism with the seeds of secular world a world with world with out any God created a vacuum, which German Jews called the Enlighten, where they try to get Secular culture absorbed is Jewish culture since they saw Christianity absorbed the secular world where the secular world was separated from any religion.
Hannah Arendt stop pretending the Zionism idea Jewish eyes to western soul, she was German Jew; her PhD thesis was about Augustine. Like Berlin in his Hedgehog: the fox is categorize as the one who knows many things and the hedgehog know only one thing. Strauss knows one thing his philosopher king and Hanna knows many things, where Strauss reject Heidegger calling relativism and Strauss embrace the German Romanticism, where in the 18 century and 19 century create a reactionary view a back to Feudal society and consequences of this romanticism combine with pseudo-scientific Anti-Semitism taken strength from the long Christian tradition of Anti-Semitism, the consequences was in 20 century WWI, WWII and the holocaust. Hannah like Martin Buber in roads Utopia laid a base to question since creation of civilization religion was part of humanity as instrument to give hope and for the elites was instrument of order, but the 2,000 years exiles combine with the world events put a conflict to Jewish identity where being outsider, mischief and rejected, the Jewish by holding to intellectual tradition challenge the status quo, and after the holocaust where the identity was challenge brought a question what is to be Human?
The Israel conflict is base an to be want to be secular with East-Tribe mentality, but to accept to be secular means the 99.5 % our DNA and work in molecular biology say our relatives are primates, pigs complete against the idea we are chosen just because Every Jewish male or in US most the males are circumcise if I need a transplant, does not matter if is a Black men or Arab or Asian, the rejection is due to my own immune system, and not concussion made you especial.
If Israel is secular then Orthodox can’t control, who is Jew or marriage and hold any matter because values are independent of the tribe of the absolute God, on that case a secular state, but if the eyes are Jewish then Orthodox are right and God is God, here is the conflict in Leo Strauss Empire a cynical empire and Hanna Arendt case for Israel just another nation where people can practice their believe, but the believe is not the nation.
Myth of Christianity?
The ex-Nazi now Pope Benedictus XVI referring to his formed ideology relationship regarding the Holocaust, where pagans what he forget to tell was the first identity to recognize the Nazi regime was the Vatican and the reason was Hitler recognize because in Mein Kampf wrote: "I believe that I am acting in accordance with the will of the Almighty Creator: by defending myself against the Jew, I am fighting for the work of the Lord." and that was not a single quote from his master work but one can be found in his work, that did not escape eyes of the Vatican, but hate and intolerance ends Ruanda run a Roman Catholic priest or the fact in WII: Croatia and Slovakia government was Catholics and the last Pogrom in Europe was 1968 in Poland or Polish population participated with the Germans in WWII to killing Jews. Or the fact German fact in his recent visit to Auschwitz-Birkenau, he ask why God let this holocaust to happen, but he did ask why German people let this to happen, not acknowledge of the population direct or indirect, passive or active involved, more over did not acknowledge the Roman Catholic church creation of Anti-Semitic, which this religion of intolerance not only applied to the Jews, because the Jews are base of the new belief, its not just a rejection from father to soon, but the right of being outsider and history shows being outsider has a price in the monotheistic religions in the case of Christianity list from Wicca believers, first nations, homosexuals, secular, atheist, pretty much anyone does comfort to Christianity of Authority and depend on that authority can be cruel from one on other.
The Religion of hate was codified in Nicea 325, when two rules we put in place which changes history: No Christian needed to be circumcised and the second not Jew was to own slave. The first law separated Christianity and Judaism and the second had unattended consequence, the original intent was in slave in Judaism have the option to free slaves and slaves will be a Jew. Christianity will not stand a Christian be slave of a Jew or worst the Christian to become a Jew. Rome economy and for the next few hundred years was base on slaves and serf. Not Jew land owner can compete with fact he will need to pay wages after hundred years in Poland Jews were able to own land again, in the mean time profession who had standard licenses or not need membership to a club like University to 19 century you need to be a Christian to enter University, when that restriction was lift, access, but even that was not enough, many gate keepers trying to keep religion pure. In some ways the liberation and beginning Europe a secular society away from the church was Napoleon. Napoleon created in France the famous 120 sages and passed laws for the idea of the French Citizen and the Jewish Citizen, first the law of the nation, religion-church second.
The Creation of the Christian Myth
For the next hundred years to the 10 century when Urban II call the Crusade in the re-capture of Jerusalem in hands of Islam since Byzantium lost, before Crusade when in her way, they first infidel victims where the Jewish communities in the Rhine in the French and German sides. In the long run the Jews were able to escape to the East trough Prague, even there the Jews where expulse twice from the city, due to the fact in Prussia many saw Jews Problem is a creation of the Papist and where more tolerant then Roman Catholic Church. The effect of the historical is reflected in Kafka where the Czech, Slaves, Germans and Jews leave in their own Ghetto-Castle separated from each other, suspicious of each other, in the same small place not just a geographic separation by neighborhoods, languages but distinct culture.
The new settlements of that fringe of land name the Pale (Borders Settlement) consisted of 25 provinces that included Ukraine, Lithuania, Belorussia, Crimea, and part of Poland (which had been partitioned between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772). The invitation of the Jews by Krakow and the acceptances of the population by Sweden, when Catherine the Great of Russia gained the fringe of land after Sweden lost the land claim at when to Russia. Catherine the Great decree not Jews were to leave behind the Pale the opposite the Jews specifically expelled from Moscow and St. Petersburg and forced into the Pale. Later they were also expelled from rural areas within the Pale and forced to live only in shtetls.
With Introduction Ghetto in Italy under sanction of the Vatican in medieval Europe completed the cycle. Sixteen years before the expulsion of the Jewish form Spain the Bishop Seville said the only way to deal with the Jewish was Genocide and when time come the king and queen of Spain in cleaning Spain from infidels, the Jews and Muslims hand to go. The first mass conversion on the reconquest was in Seville in 12 Century creating the seeds for inquisition, since Jewish family maintain contacts. The next person to suggested Genocide was Martin Luther.
Later years Luther disappointed the Jewish refusing to following for a few kid words given by him towards them and some ways the Jewish refute him. After that experience Martin Luther wrote Jewish can not be converted and hence his solution was similar to the Bishop of Seville: Genocide. In both case many apologetic to the Bishop of Seville and Martin Luther they actually did not mean what they wrote, said or suggested or they are only border line Anti-Semitic or idea pure blood in Spain was not really a call for Genocide of the Jews. They reality is open the door to the Holocaust by built in intolerance by Christianity show to the Cathars, the massacre by Catherine de Minice against Huguenots’, the conquest of the New World and use of the religion again to slave Africa, which is no unique to Christianity, but also to Islam.
The creation of the Myth of: US?
US built on wishful thinking, amnesia and ignorance. A good example Prescott Bush fortune was involved in Thyssen Company. The company asset were involved in Hitler Germany, the National Archives (Holocaust Memorial in Washington D.C has actual records now) containing the following documents in October 20 1942 the alien property custodian seized the assets of the UBC, of which Prescott Bush was a director. The Government having gone through the books of the bank, further seizures were made against two affiliates, the Holland-American Trading Corporation and the Seamless Steel Equipment Corporation. By November, the Silesian-American Company, another of Prescott Bush's ventures, had also been seized.
Another set documents in the location contained in the files on IG Farben, who was prosecuted for war crimes. A report issued by the Office of Alien Property Custodian in 1942 stated of the companies that "since 1939, these (steel and mining) proper ties have been in possession of and have been operated by the German government and have undoubtedly been of considerable assistance to that country's war effort".
Homer Jones, the chief of the APC investigation and research division sent a memo to the executive committee of APC recommending the US government vest UBC and its assets. Jones named the directors of the bank in the memo, including Prescott Bush's name, and wrote: "Said stock is held by the above named individuals, however, solely as nominees for the Bank voor Handel, Rotterdam, Holland, which is owned by one or more of the Thyssen family, nationals of Germany and Hungary. The 4,000 shares hereinbefore set out are therefore beneficially owned and help for the interests of enemy nationals, and are vestible by the APC," according to the memo from the National Archives reported by the Guardian in 2003.
Jones recommended that the assets be liquidated for the benefit of the government, but instead UBC was maintained intact and eventually returned to the American shareholders after the war. Some claim that Bush sold his share in UBC after the war for $1.5m. The Story does not end there two holocaust survivors are suing the Bush family for $ 40 Billion.
The Myth the country was created in Taxation without representation, was the last straw on slave owner society and economics of slaves. After the French Indian war England promise the first not nations not expansion to the west.
Thomas Jefferson suggested in 1812, "The acquisition of Canada this year, as far as the neighborhood of Quebec, will be a mere matter of marching, and will give us the experience for the attack on Halifax, the next and final expulsion of England from the American continent." The belief that the United States was destined to control the entire North American continent would later gain the name Manifest Destiny, when the new taxes where impose, given a huge incentives for independence.
Benedict Arnold could not take Quebec City in 1777 and later USA under the leadership Governor of Indiana in 1812-1813 try invaded Canada from Fort Detroit. USA saw his right to be an imperial power, to open the west and not doubt the north. After the civil war threat against Canada force Canada into confederation.
The Slave trade is not new, after all the Athenian Empire and Rome was maintained by slaves, what is unique is to use race using religion, the course of the son of Noah and reduced into a value. In Virginia Common Wealth in 1800’s a law was pass the son of slave will be slave even his father was bough his own freedom, perpetuate servitude, was the second innovation created in US.
In the 1863 civil war, the war of the union, Lincoln saw the only way to brake the South back was to emancipate the slaves, since the south was Agriculture society and slaves were the engine. James Town Virginia, which their crop was Tobacco, used the economic exploitation of human slaves. The South Carolina rice crops use slaves, and cotton the most important export in the 1840's was driving by King Cotton. The industrial north economic wealth was driving by the investments of the south, many loans and investments were support by firms of the time, J. P. Morgan, for example accepted 10,000 slaves as collateral for loans, when the loans defaults, the slaves where sold to the market. In the eve of the civil war New York City major with city hall wanted to subside from New York and subside from the Union, because the entire financial district had invested in South.
The lack of conviction by US government of equality of the former slaves let to a situation in the late 1888 in Missouri the creation of Jim Crows laws, separation of the races, the most compels aspect of the story was in 2005, the US Senate apologize the part rotunda of the Congress was built by Southern Gentlemen’s donate Slaves time in the construction and the value of Southern Gentlemen in the constitution is ¾ more the average white proprietary who does not own slaves. Despite of Black America were in Indian Wars, WWI and especially WWII the benefits for most GI return from the war when to white race.
During WWII the tradition of some men are least then others applied when the Jews needed a place to escape Europe, the USA close the doors in dramatic as in 1938 where the Spirit of San Louis carrying 960 refugees, where deny port in New York or actively encourage others by pressure to do the same, case in point was the same ship ask port in Havana Cuba and USA pressure Cuba to do the same. The significance in 1942 the existences and the events happen in the concentration camps were known. Due to the fact the Polish resistance inform the British, moreover the Nazis made a proposal to save the Hungarian Jewish for 1,000 trucks all deny, by the British, because they did not wanted the Jewish from Europe or USA did not destroy the lines to Auschwitz-Birkenau after, the Jewish communities beg. Auschwitz-Birkenau was divided in many sub-camps, and one aspect of the camp was the slave labor for the industry used for the war effort in Germany, the need result the factories where destroy and crematorium stand.
Creation of Myth of Islam?
After the Basrah a Philosophical Society tried unsuccessfully to reconcile religion with science in the 10 Century, Islam relationship towards the Secular World is least hostile. Islam kept some of the East-Autocratic, Paternalistic and despotic attitudes and puritan Islam born in the 18 century.
The use of Puritan Islamic law in Saudi Arabia or puritan Shiia law in Iran, as contradiction with Islam has been period of tolerance toward females and even homosexuality. In the case of homosexuality puritan attitudes bring in the process of colonization by West cry of tolerance by the West.
How were able from the beginning to maintain purity, by deny the Hebrew Law (Torah) to be truth, like Luther later on, Mohammad believe he being the Messiah and by argument will have the Jews to convert. What Mohammad did not understand because Jews maintain the religion hermetic-exclusive their traditions will never accepted outsider. From the Jews side, by not recognized Mohammad as the Messiah, by taken sides with enemies and the enemies losing to him 900 heads were lost. Mohammad wanted to destroy all Jews, but since they were behind his had, well they about 35 Shuras dealing with them, from Jews are hostile to Muslins 5:82, to warning not Muslins be friend to Jews. Christianity does not better about 25 Shuras some from errand in old ways and Belief 5:77 and the most positive close to feel affection for Muslins 5:88.
In some ways the believers of the people rules was in believe, the Islam is a political solution, and the non-believers whether belong to people of the book or not will be under Islamic Rule. What entitle being under rule, is difficult question, because the despotic nature of the regime was in Mercy of the ruler. The first expulsion of the Jews of did not happen in 1441, but in 12 century when a revival of Islamic fundamentalism force the tolerance experiment in Granada to hold. Under their rules, Christian and Jews had many restrictions like color yellow for Jews and Blue for Christians. Donkeys were transportation and mules for Christians, since not believer could be taller then a believer camels were reserve for believers, and horses were instrument of war. Professional restrictions were from Iran only Christian where to take care the death, a believer can’t be impurity with the death and case of Medical Doctors in many case were Jews since they were expose to other threats though, since Islam try to Isolated from any foreign influence, many Vicers over role religions Authorities and created in resentment towards the Jews and yes there was pogroms in Islamic lands. In the personal level restrictions when the Jews using public bath needed to have a yellow string around them, since Muslins and Jews are need to show who is believer, other restriction In Iran Jews were not allot to leave their house in snow and raining days, since the water will touch the skin of the non-believer and if the water which has touch the non-believer will go in to the well or water system will impurity the believer, but the most significant was the ceremony of paying the Poll-Tax, witch the Vicer can hit the non-believer to show who is in control.
What is wrong?
Secular Europe is having a hard time to swallow the US exceptionalism view of himself, in part for US is seeing his world in religious revival- US view towards Israel to fulfill Prophesy of the second come of their Messiah- the Rapture, where half Jews will die and the other half will convert to Christianity, some American Jews seeing this a beanie wishful Messianic group, but so was Hitler, just a beanie dictator become a mass murder, even the signs were in his written and Hitler action in the Spanish revolution his intent was conquest of Europe, they are not beanie religious Zealots, they want a religious utopia. Israel is in the same situation were the Nationalist Religious groups are pushing for Messianic confrontation also expect a catastrophic event, and Islam for his part not different from any these groups.
We can not say all history has nothing to do with the working class our problem is working class in Kansas are the ones who are supporting with their political, body and soul and worst by vote other action are voting against their own interest. The working class in Kansas because Protestant background and the poor low middle class about 60% believe the Rapture will happen in their life time or the next 50 years, the fact they have give out any desire for the fight for the right of health care or education, they feel so powerless the let religion is suppose be instrument of power for elites to define the masses.
In 50’s Eisenhower introduce God to pledge of the legions to separate to the Godless Soviet Union and created the emotional instrument to pacify the masses by creating a sense of hope, Strauss believe the religion should be use to pacified the masses, as opium to relax the masses.
Not enough say Evolution and the Evolutionary molecular biology which is creating molecular medicine and benefit all us, because like the Darwinian survival we also have need community, belonging and our angel of solidarity, we need to appeal to desire our sense solidarity to over come our religion drug relaxes. Religion appeal the ideal of the individual specially the version Protestant of US and is the drug, still solidarity is the only angel of salvation.
A summer as a college student, I work in a binding factory our days start at 6:00 a.m. and half hour for lunch at 11:00 a.m. Our lunch had very spirit full discussion to politics, but as reflection of US a self segregated society, where African Americans were not invited to our lunch group.
The disparate make me to ask a question if US society we have obligation for reparations to African Americas and implicit to the first nation inhabiting the continent when first European settler come to US shores. The answer always was no, since many my Fellow Workers claim they grant parents when come did not own or beneficed directly from the slave trade or the first nations. My contention was from the first settlers to late arrivals, since first nation where here had an economy, an exchange of goods by first nations show a wealth in the land and from the slave trade wherever was rice, tobacco or cotton later was base to row wealth transfer to ship builders in Philadelphia and Rode Island, to the Financial Capital New York. What ever was port enter to the new land from Ellis Island or other port enter, the new comer will find buildings, farms, plantations, industries build on labor and capital from slave trade, even today Aetna Insurance recognize they lend money to the plantation owners against their slave stock. Which urge the question how we got here, the mythology of Pilgrims escaping religious persecution from England and they impose their own religious tyranny, where Jews were exclude and Christmas was band for twenty years in the new freedom land, beg question how mosaic was create, and to do we need to follow the path of the myth.
Myth of Hebrew?
In the Talmud, the eyes are the windows of the soul and the story Rabbi Johanna Ben Zakkai was smuggle out Jerusalem during siege by Romans under Vespasian shows the soul, but history of two thousand years soul. The zealots control the city and even the death where not allot leave the city contrary of Jewish law, since the death need to be laid down the same day. But since Rabbi Johanna Ben Zakkai name had weight his body was allot to leave the city.
The siege by the Romans, which controlled the exits from Jerusalem, in the case of Rabbi Johanna Ben Zakkai was detainee under normal circumstance will mean torture. When Rabbi Johanna Ben Zakkai meets Vespasian he greeting was hail Caesar. Vespasian holds Johanna Ben Zakkai and in the same evening Vespasian was recall to Rome to become Caesar. Titus his son took over siege of Jerusalem and eventually the destruction. In case Rabbi Johanna Ben Zakkai, Vespasian offered him anything and what Rabbi Johanna Ben Zakkai requested Talmudical Academy in Yavne.
When Theodore Herzl show Zionism is alternative question, the Orthodox Rabbis where against and in even today in their hearth Orthodox are against, even today and from beginning of Zionism religious nationalist and US modern Orthodox Jews today accept the state of Israel . But the reason why the Orthodox Jews gave for the rejection is only God can give what took away.
The base of the argument in the Talmud Baba Kama, explain in the Salomon song of songs where the daughters of the world will not beat Israel so bad, but after the Holocaust all beats are off according n Orthodox who are supporting Zionist moment, on the other hand the Orthodox only God can give and take. Where this conviction come from well the reason Saul lost his crown and Kingdom was not because his war conduct or family scandal, because he refuse to completed genocide. According to the Law (Torah) Remember Amaleq mean the Hebrews needed genocide the nation, because they attack in desert Amaleq when after the weak, the children, women and elderly. Only God is the absolute Truth, black and white only he has the certainty. Here is the core of conflict with Israel and contradiction. Zionism said to the Jews you are Western and not the absolute from East and the Orthodox said our forefathers like Rabbi Joanna Ben Zakkai made a choice, not to plead for Jerusalem, the land, but Talmudical Academy. The reason of his choice the Law is absolute and God given.
In the 60’s a parallel conflict appear between Hannah Arendt and Leo Strauss. Both German Jews both obtained PhD one in Freiburg and the other in Hamburg under influence of Ernst Cassirer, one under Nazi Philosopher Martin Heidegger and the other had conversations with the Nazi Smith who was thinker for the Jurist Prudence for the Nazi ideology. Strauss conversation with Smith deal with the noble lie and the right of an elite-philosopher king to divine right to government. Strauss and Hanna come to different conclusions from the holocaust experience one felt in home with Machiavelli and the other can be categorize with Isaiah Berlin. Hannah enter US late when the genocide of Europe was in progress, the only reason why the Spanish guards in the border let her pass to Spain was because his famous colleague Benjamin hang himself in the border out despair. Strauss immigrate to US in late 30’s before the full fledge holocaust was unfolded.
Leo Strauss, Philosopher, but his Jewish Education an appearances they can read Torah his school famous for Saturday night reading like the Orthodox the section of the week, but ignorant of Talmud. The nature of Talmud required dedication, time and slow process. Strauss school took the pride in ignorance. Strauss believes are base on Socrates the Philosopher King a men in their description wealth making righteous to them the noble lied is necessary for the common good, since Philosopher King has the best Judgment. Some aspects in Strauss outlook can be compare to Calvinist believe the God given the money and power because we are righteous.
Strauss second Source is Maimonides. Maimonides was the first one to take Greek-Aristotle and under influence of Ibn Rushd (1126--1198 A. D.) better known as Averroes and trying to Judaizer their thoughts, in the Arab world, towards the close of the 10th century A.D. in Basrah flourished a Philosophical Society known as Ikhwan-al-Safa (Brethren of Purity). They tried unsuccessfully to reconcile religion with science. Their encyclopedic work consisting of 51 treatises contain the idea of goodness and moral perfection. In the end a strain of purist took in place. In Maimonides case the Rabbinical Authority the Western Jews (Ashkenazy) ex-communicate him because his love with western philosophy.
In any case his attend to reconcile Judaism with the seeds of secular world a world with world with out any God created a vacuum, which German Jews called the Enlighten, where they try to get Secular culture absorbed is Jewish culture since they saw Christianity absorbed the secular world where the secular world was separated from any religion.
Hannah Arendt stop pretending the Zionism idea Jewish eyes to western soul, she was German Jew; her PhD thesis was about Augustine. Like Berlin in his Hedgehog: the fox is categorize as the one who knows many things and the hedgehog know only one thing. Strauss knows one thing his philosopher king and Hanna knows many things, where Strauss reject Heidegger calling relativism and Strauss embrace the German Romanticism, where in the 18 century and 19 century create a reactionary view a back to Feudal society and consequences of this romanticism combine with pseudo-scientific Anti-Semitism taken strength from the long Christian tradition of Anti-Semitism, the consequences was in 20 century WWI, WWII and the holocaust. Hannah like Martin Buber in roads Utopia laid a base to question since creation of civilization religion was part of humanity as instrument to give hope and for the elites was instrument of order, but the 2,000 years exiles combine with the world events put a conflict to Jewish identity where being outsider, mischief and rejected, the Jewish by holding to intellectual tradition challenge the status quo, and after the holocaust where the identity was challenge brought a question what is to be Human?
The Israel conflict is base an to be want to be secular with East-Tribe mentality, but to accept to be secular means the 99.5 % our DNA and work in molecular biology say our relatives are primates, pigs complete against the idea we are chosen just because Every Jewish male or in US most the males are circumcise if I need a transplant, does not matter if is a Black men or Arab or Asian, the rejection is due to my own immune system, and not concussion made you especial.
If Israel is secular then Orthodox can’t control, who is Jew or marriage and hold any matter because values are independent of the tribe of the absolute God, on that case a secular state, but if the eyes are Jewish then Orthodox are right and God is God, here is the conflict in Leo Strauss Empire a cynical empire and Hanna Arendt case for Israel just another nation where people can practice their believe, but the believe is not the nation.
Myth of Christianity?
The ex-Nazi now Pope Benedictus XVI referring to his formed ideology relationship regarding the Holocaust, where pagans what he forget to tell was the first identity to recognize the Nazi regime was the Vatican and the reason was Hitler recognize because in Mein Kampf wrote: "I believe that I am acting in accordance with the will of the Almighty Creator: by defending myself against the Jew, I am fighting for the work of the Lord." and that was not a single quote from his master work but one can be found in his work, that did not escape eyes of the Vatican, but hate and intolerance ends Ruanda run a Roman Catholic priest or the fact in WII: Croatia and Slovakia government was Catholics and the last Pogrom in Europe was 1968 in Poland or Polish population participated with the Germans in WWII to killing Jews. Or the fact German fact in his recent visit to Auschwitz-Birkenau, he ask why God let this holocaust to happen, but he did ask why German people let this to happen, not acknowledge of the population direct or indirect, passive or active involved, more over did not acknowledge the Roman Catholic church creation of Anti-Semitic, which this religion of intolerance not only applied to the Jews, because the Jews are base of the new belief, its not just a rejection from father to soon, but the right of being outsider and history shows being outsider has a price in the monotheistic religions in the case of Christianity list from Wicca believers, first nations, homosexuals, secular, atheist, pretty much anyone does comfort to Christianity of Authority and depend on that authority can be cruel from one on other.
The Religion of hate was codified in Nicea 325, when two rules we put in place which changes history: No Christian needed to be circumcised and the second not Jew was to own slave. The first law separated Christianity and Judaism and the second had unattended consequence, the original intent was in slave in Judaism have the option to free slaves and slaves will be a Jew. Christianity will not stand a Christian be slave of a Jew or worst the Christian to become a Jew. Rome economy and for the next few hundred years was base on slaves and serf. Not Jew land owner can compete with fact he will need to pay wages after hundred years in Poland Jews were able to own land again, in the mean time profession who had standard licenses or not need membership to a club like University to 19 century you need to be a Christian to enter University, when that restriction was lift, access, but even that was not enough, many gate keepers trying to keep religion pure. In some ways the liberation and beginning Europe a secular society away from the church was Napoleon. Napoleon created in France the famous 120 sages and passed laws for the idea of the French Citizen and the Jewish Citizen, first the law of the nation, religion-church second.
The Creation of the Christian Myth
For the next hundred years to the 10 century when Urban II call the Crusade in the re-capture of Jerusalem in hands of Islam since Byzantium lost, before Crusade when in her way, they first infidel victims where the Jewish communities in the Rhine in the French and German sides. In the long run the Jews were able to escape to the East trough Prague, even there the Jews where expulse twice from the city, due to the fact in Prussia many saw Jews Problem is a creation of the Papist and where more tolerant then Roman Catholic Church. The effect of the historical is reflected in Kafka where the Czech, Slaves, Germans and Jews leave in their own Ghetto-Castle separated from each other, suspicious of each other, in the same small place not just a geographic separation by neighborhoods, languages but distinct culture.
The new settlements of that fringe of land name the Pale (Borders Settlement) consisted of 25 provinces that included Ukraine, Lithuania, Belorussia, Crimea, and part of Poland (which had been partitioned between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772). The invitation of the Jews by Krakow and the acceptances of the population by Sweden, when Catherine the Great of Russia gained the fringe of land after Sweden lost the land claim at when to Russia. Catherine the Great decree not Jews were to leave behind the Pale the opposite the Jews specifically expelled from Moscow and St. Petersburg and forced into the Pale. Later they were also expelled from rural areas within the Pale and forced to live only in shtetls.
With Introduction Ghetto in Italy under sanction of the Vatican in medieval Europe completed the cycle. Sixteen years before the expulsion of the Jewish form Spain the Bishop Seville said the only way to deal with the Jewish was Genocide and when time come the king and queen of Spain in cleaning Spain from infidels, the Jews and Muslims hand to go. The first mass conversion on the reconquest was in Seville in 12 Century creating the seeds for inquisition, since Jewish family maintain contacts. The next person to suggested Genocide was Martin Luther.
Later years Luther disappointed the Jewish refusing to following for a few kid words given by him towards them and some ways the Jewish refute him. After that experience Martin Luther wrote Jewish can not be converted and hence his solution was similar to the Bishop of Seville: Genocide. In both case many apologetic to the Bishop of Seville and Martin Luther they actually did not mean what they wrote, said or suggested or they are only border line Anti-Semitic or idea pure blood in Spain was not really a call for Genocide of the Jews. They reality is open the door to the Holocaust by built in intolerance by Christianity show to the Cathars, the massacre by Catherine de Minice against Huguenots’, the conquest of the New World and use of the religion again to slave Africa, which is no unique to Christianity, but also to Islam.
The creation of the Myth of: US?
US built on wishful thinking, amnesia and ignorance. A good example Prescott Bush fortune was involved in Thyssen Company. The company asset were involved in Hitler Germany, the National Archives (Holocaust Memorial in Washington D.C has actual records now) containing the following documents in October 20 1942 the alien property custodian seized the assets of the UBC, of which Prescott Bush was a director. The Government having gone through the books of the bank, further seizures were made against two affiliates, the Holland-American Trading Corporation and the Seamless Steel Equipment Corporation. By November, the Silesian-American Company, another of Prescott Bush's ventures, had also been seized.
Another set documents in the location contained in the files on IG Farben, who was prosecuted for war crimes. A report issued by the Office of Alien Property Custodian in 1942 stated of the companies that "since 1939, these (steel and mining) proper ties have been in possession of and have been operated by the German government and have undoubtedly been of considerable assistance to that country's war effort".
Homer Jones, the chief of the APC investigation and research division sent a memo to the executive committee of APC recommending the US government vest UBC and its assets. Jones named the directors of the bank in the memo, including Prescott Bush's name, and wrote: "Said stock is held by the above named individuals, however, solely as nominees for the Bank voor Handel, Rotterdam, Holland, which is owned by one or more of the Thyssen family, nationals of Germany and Hungary. The 4,000 shares hereinbefore set out are therefore beneficially owned and help for the interests of enemy nationals, and are vestible by the APC," according to the memo from the National Archives reported by the Guardian in 2003.
Jones recommended that the assets be liquidated for the benefit of the government, but instead UBC was maintained intact and eventually returned to the American shareholders after the war. Some claim that Bush sold his share in UBC after the war for $1.5m. The Story does not end there two holocaust survivors are suing the Bush family for $ 40 Billion.
The Myth the country was created in Taxation without representation, was the last straw on slave owner society and economics of slaves. After the French Indian war England promise the first not nations not expansion to the west.
Thomas Jefferson suggested in 1812, "The acquisition of Canada this year, as far as the neighborhood of Quebec, will be a mere matter of marching, and will give us the experience for the attack on Halifax, the next and final expulsion of England from the American continent." The belief that the United States was destined to control the entire North American continent would later gain the name Manifest Destiny, when the new taxes where impose, given a huge incentives for independence.
Benedict Arnold could not take Quebec City in 1777 and later USA under the leadership Governor of Indiana in 1812-1813 try invaded Canada from Fort Detroit. USA saw his right to be an imperial power, to open the west and not doubt the north. After the civil war threat against Canada force Canada into confederation.
The Slave trade is not new, after all the Athenian Empire and Rome was maintained by slaves, what is unique is to use race using religion, the course of the son of Noah and reduced into a value. In Virginia Common Wealth in 1800’s a law was pass the son of slave will be slave even his father was bough his own freedom, perpetuate servitude, was the second innovation created in US.
In the 1863 civil war, the war of the union, Lincoln saw the only way to brake the South back was to emancipate the slaves, since the south was Agriculture society and slaves were the engine. James Town Virginia, which their crop was Tobacco, used the economic exploitation of human slaves. The South Carolina rice crops use slaves, and cotton the most important export in the 1840's was driving by King Cotton. The industrial north economic wealth was driving by the investments of the south, many loans and investments were support by firms of the time, J. P. Morgan, for example accepted 10,000 slaves as collateral for loans, when the loans defaults, the slaves where sold to the market. In the eve of the civil war New York City major with city hall wanted to subside from New York and subside from the Union, because the entire financial district had invested in South.
The lack of conviction by US government of equality of the former slaves let to a situation in the late 1888 in Missouri the creation of Jim Crows laws, separation of the races, the most compels aspect of the story was in 2005, the US Senate apologize the part rotunda of the Congress was built by Southern Gentlemen’s donate Slaves time in the construction and the value of Southern Gentlemen in the constitution is ¾ more the average white proprietary who does not own slaves. Despite of Black America were in Indian Wars, WWI and especially WWII the benefits for most GI return from the war when to white race.
During WWII the tradition of some men are least then others applied when the Jews needed a place to escape Europe, the USA close the doors in dramatic as in 1938 where the Spirit of San Louis carrying 960 refugees, where deny port in New York or actively encourage others by pressure to do the same, case in point was the same ship ask port in Havana Cuba and USA pressure Cuba to do the same. The significance in 1942 the existences and the events happen in the concentration camps were known. Due to the fact the Polish resistance inform the British, moreover the Nazis made a proposal to save the Hungarian Jewish for 1,000 trucks all deny, by the British, because they did not wanted the Jewish from Europe or USA did not destroy the lines to Auschwitz-Birkenau after, the Jewish communities beg. Auschwitz-Birkenau was divided in many sub-camps, and one aspect of the camp was the slave labor for the industry used for the war effort in Germany, the need result the factories where destroy and crematorium stand.
Creation of Myth of Islam?
After the Basrah a Philosophical Society tried unsuccessfully to reconcile religion with science in the 10 Century, Islam relationship towards the Secular World is least hostile. Islam kept some of the East-Autocratic, Paternalistic and despotic attitudes and puritan Islam born in the 18 century.
The use of Puritan Islamic law in Saudi Arabia or puritan Shiia law in Iran, as contradiction with Islam has been period of tolerance toward females and even homosexuality. In the case of homosexuality puritan attitudes bring in the process of colonization by West cry of tolerance by the West.
How were able from the beginning to maintain purity, by deny the Hebrew Law (Torah) to be truth, like Luther later on, Mohammad believe he being the Messiah and by argument will have the Jews to convert. What Mohammad did not understand because Jews maintain the religion hermetic-exclusive their traditions will never accepted outsider. From the Jews side, by not recognized Mohammad as the Messiah, by taken sides with enemies and the enemies losing to him 900 heads were lost. Mohammad wanted to destroy all Jews, but since they were behind his had, well they about 35 Shuras dealing with them, from Jews are hostile to Muslins 5:82, to warning not Muslins be friend to Jews. Christianity does not better about 25 Shuras some from errand in old ways and Belief 5:77 and the most positive close to feel affection for Muslins 5:88.
In some ways the believers of the people rules was in believe, the Islam is a political solution, and the non-believers whether belong to people of the book or not will be under Islamic Rule. What entitle being under rule, is difficult question, because the despotic nature of the regime was in Mercy of the ruler. The first expulsion of the Jews of did not happen in 1441, but in 12 century when a revival of Islamic fundamentalism force the tolerance experiment in Granada to hold. Under their rules, Christian and Jews had many restrictions like color yellow for Jews and Blue for Christians. Donkeys were transportation and mules for Christians, since not believer could be taller then a believer camels were reserve for believers, and horses were instrument of war. Professional restrictions were from Iran only Christian where to take care the death, a believer can’t be impurity with the death and case of Medical Doctors in many case were Jews since they were expose to other threats though, since Islam try to Isolated from any foreign influence, many Vicers over role religions Authorities and created in resentment towards the Jews and yes there was pogroms in Islamic lands. In the personal level restrictions when the Jews using public bath needed to have a yellow string around them, since Muslins and Jews are need to show who is believer, other restriction In Iran Jews were not allot to leave their house in snow and raining days, since the water will touch the skin of the non-believer and if the water which has touch the non-believer will go in to the well or water system will impurity the believer, but the most significant was the ceremony of paying the Poll-Tax, witch the Vicer can hit the non-believer to show who is in control.
What is wrong?
Secular Europe is having a hard time to swallow the US exceptionalism view of himself, in part for US is seeing his world in religious revival- US view towards Israel to fulfill Prophesy of the second come of their Messiah- the Rapture, where half Jews will die and the other half will convert to Christianity, some American Jews seeing this a beanie wishful Messianic group, but so was Hitler, just a beanie dictator become a mass murder, even the signs were in his written and Hitler action in the Spanish revolution his intent was conquest of Europe, they are not beanie religious Zealots, they want a religious utopia. Israel is in the same situation were the Nationalist Religious groups are pushing for Messianic confrontation also expect a catastrophic event, and Islam for his part not different from any these groups.
We can not say all history has nothing to do with the working class our problem is working class in Kansas are the ones who are supporting with their political, body and soul and worst by vote other action are voting against their own interest. The working class in Kansas because Protestant background and the poor low middle class about 60% believe the Rapture will happen in their life time or the next 50 years, the fact they have give out any desire for the fight for the right of health care or education, they feel so powerless the let religion is suppose be instrument of power for elites to define the masses.
In 50’s Eisenhower introduce God to pledge of the legions to separate to the Godless Soviet Union and created the emotional instrument to pacify the masses by creating a sense of hope, Strauss believe the religion should be use to pacified the masses, as opium to relax the masses.
Not enough say Evolution and the Evolutionary molecular biology which is creating molecular medicine and benefit all us, because like the Darwinian survival we also have need community, belonging and our angel of solidarity, we need to appeal to desire our sense solidarity to over come our religion drug relaxes. Religion appeal the ideal of the individual specially the version Protestant of US and is the drug, still solidarity is the only angel of salvation.
Wednesday, December 27, 2006
Silence is Acknowledgment
Sixteen year has past since liberation of concentration camp in Auschwitz-Birkenau by the red army as decedents of victims and predators we have created a world so dark, we need to understand how we got here and where we going. Conflict has been a dynamic created for a need to have more space for survived, certain preferences and emphasis in a hierarchy. There is a need to own a space, a tradition of locality, where a group of newcomers, take place and developed a mythology. The myth was need to know where we come and where we go, and the myth was express by rational though, eventually become a sciences, and emotionally a logos, a beginning, become believe and a philosophy. Athens codified values acceptable in the time, the slave, the barbarian, the other, the non-Greek and Rome codified the empire built on slaves. Greeks love of freedom was challenge by the Persian, but was Athens in creation of greed for a commercial empire, where his tool, the democracy of his own city. Where Athens self righteous given the right to conquer their own Greeks, the end result was a split in the Greeks cities.
Egypt, the idea of the men-God, Pharos was transmuted to one single God, absolute intolerant to any other Gods. Jews in Alexandria found their first Pogrom 70 years before the destruction of the Second Temple the charge was the Jewish do not believe in Gods, since they had not statutes to proof a God. But the tradition of intolerant was not unique to Egypt or Greek, but was writing Saul lost his Kingdom, because he refused to annihilate the family of his enemy, Amalek, because the Bible demanded the annihilation/genocide of Amalek.
The idea of being unique was transferee to one of the Jewish sect in the time of the second temple. Christianity make a claim for that uniqueness, and 325 in Nicea demanded, the you will not need to be Jew to a Christian, so transfer the mantel of being chosen from the Monotheistic Judaism, and to deny the power, Christianity deny the Jews to own slaves and the economic significances Rome was built on slaves.
The new Christian identity created a myth of Jews not as Religion, but the anti-thesis of their choice (the Anti-Christ). Later on the Jewish become under power of Christianity, by deny power, owning, the feudal structure was base from the beginning ownership of land and vassals belong to a purpose. The purpose was given by Socrates, they the rulers/the philosopher king had the right to governance, in Christianity was God and very one had his place, the Jewish belong to the King, the king and the church owns the lords and the lords own the peasant. The dark effect was Jewish, where demonize as the infidels in the Crusade time. The Jewish will pay by forced conversions in Spain and eventually expulsion in 1491. The power of the church was transform during WWII the Jewish Children under control of the Roman Catholic Church were deny of reunification with the Jewish organization, or even family. From the feudal times, Jewish had to identify themselves by yellow starts and ghettos codify how to leave a behavior. After the church lost his power, the raw hate was transform into the WWII holocaust.
In Spain in the 13 century the Bishop of Seville wrote a Jewish solution to the Jewish question, the answer for him was genocide and Luther in the reformation come to the same conclusion. The Russian Czar give the Jewish Children to the Orthodox Church, in the excuse was Jewish boys in the age 12 needed to server the Czar in his Army. The well being of the 12 years were under Orthodox Church, they saw in some ways needed to save the Jewish from them by pressure 12 years old to convert.
But this behavior was not unique to Christianity, Islam look to Judaism as Christianity did for validation. Judaism haven her own tradition and believes refused, many Jewish fought Mohammad, and retribution was decapitation, in realization. The Jews were in many lands and Christianity was a state power Islam created special rules dealing with the people of the book. Islam codify a second class citizen, built on humiliation, were the emissary of the Emir, when the emissary collected the pool taxes from the semi-infidel, the emissary hit his head, so a sense of superiority and humiliation. Jewish or Christian could not ride camels, because they could not be taller of the believers, Jewish were send in donkeys with yellow turbans and yellow string so will be identify in the public baths. In Iran Jewish were not allot to be outside when snow or rain, since the water touching their skin will impurity the believers. Christians were to use blue turbans and mules transportation mode, not Churches or Synagogues where to be built, after Mohammad death. Only the ones which existed in the time of he being alive could be repair.
In the dynamics of history Judaism in their own believe of being chosen, take a new path, where in the time of the temple the three major groups where the Priest Judaism, which took sided with Rome, since the invitation of Judah Maccabeus, Rome choose the priest, the nationalist and Rabbinical Judaism was legalistic. Rabbinical Judaism was save since one of the leaders Johanna Ben Zakai obtained from Vespasian, Caesar a place to developed the Rabbinical Judaism in Yavned where he created the Talmudic schools. Legal Judaism innovation was a believe independent of the land, in some ways was possible because in Babylon existed Jewish communities, where believe was independent of place. Only the Messiah could claim the land, not Jewish where to own the land to the Messiah time. Rabbinical Judaism had control of the community for long the Jewish were isolated and in the isolation there was not exposure to the outside. Early Islam in the conquest absorbed the locals, and one of the cultured they desire was the culture of Aristotle's and Socrates. The influences was develop in Islam the rationalist movement of the 11 century, the works of Averroes’ philosophy influenced Jewish like Maimonides, influence by the rationalist schools. The fact was in Spain the interaction between the three religions created a fertile ground in any case for Judaism rationalism has been influenced by Islam rediscover, Aristotle and Socrates.
Rabbi Saadia of Baghdad's in the 9 century was influence to the rationalist though, but his influenced behind the Jewish community was limited or not existence since Baghdad's was far away from Europe, Rabbi Saadia influence was minimal to the west (But he had tremendous influences to the Jewish communities of the diaspora).
Maimonides created the Logos which influence Aquinas and his logo was the influence by Islam rationalist. Maimonides Logos get him ex-communicated in certain segment of Rabbinical Judaism, since the idea of Judaism was base in the commitments of the 613 command, independent of the immediate understanding. The idea of understanding was emphasis after the action. Spinoza took the tradition of the logos created a god in Nature. Other Jewish, took another path in Palestine in the 14 and 15 century, base in the mythical stream of Rabbi Moshe de Leon 12 century book of the Splendor and the long tradition of esoteric though and the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in the late 1491 had effect to the secularization of identity.
The French revolution, and carry by Napoleon give the Jewish in France a citizenship. Now the Jewish are out the Ghetto, in a new secular structure and the rivalry with Christianity who holds the truth, created the seeds for Zionism. The issue was Christianity, and Islam in some level Judaism, in their religion structure created the elements where in the conquest of America give the right to the white men to genocide the aborigine's. Delas Casas change the mind of Christianity the American first nations, where human not Animals, but for Black African, the slave trade between the own groups accepted in Islam, who started the trade in Africa. The Americas was paradise for the trade, where the Spain, Portugal and Spain influenced by Roman Catholic Church doctrine encourage the slave black Africa is a religious duty. But was England, who transformed the slaves to be commodities, in the English colonies. In Virginia commonwealth the definition of slaves was one of birth, where not slave could be free if he or she born under that destiny, and moreover generations were bound to that destiny and fate.
After the French Indian war England promise the first not nations not expansion to the west, Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson repudiated the new rules, when the new taxes where impose, given a huge incentives for independence. From the moment of independent, USA tries to conquer the northern part of the continent. The continent had an internal problem, because that was French territory transfer by war to the English, and had a French speaking colony.
Benedict Arnold could not take Quebec City in 1777 and later USA under the leadership Governor of Indiana in 1812-1813 try invades Canada from Fort Detroit. USA saw his right to be an imperial power, to open the west and not doubt the north. After the civil war threat were made Canada got confederation.
In the 1863 civil war, the war of the union, Lincoln saw the only way to brake the South back was to emancipate the slaves, since the south was Agriculture society engine and slaves. James Town Virginia, which their crop was Tobacco, used the economic exploitation of human slaves. The South Carolina rice crops use slaves, and cotton the most important export in the 1840's was driving by King Cotton. The industrial north economic wealth was driving by the investments of the south, many loans and investments were support by firms of the time, J. P. Morgan, for example accepted 10,000 slaves as collateral for loans, when the loans defaults, the slaves where sold to the market. In the eve of the civil war New York City major with city hall wanted to subside from New York and subside from the Union, because the entire financial district had invested in South.
The lack of conviction about emancipation had as result in the late 1888 in Missouri the creation of the Jim Crows laws, separation of the races. During WWII the tradition of some men are least then others applied when the Jews needed a place to escape Europe, the USA close the doors in dramatic as in 1938 where the Spirit of San Louis carrying 960 refugees, where deny port in New York or actively encourage others by pressure to doe the same, case in point was the same ship ask port in Havana Cuba and USA pressure Cuba to do the same. The significance in 1942 the existences and the events happen in the concentration camps were known. Due to the fact the Polish resistance inform the British, moreover the Nazis made a proposal to save the Hungarian Jewish for 1,000 trucks all deny, by the British, because they did not wanted the Jewish from Europe or USA did not destroy the lines to Auschwitz-Birkenau after, the Jewish communities beg. Auschwitz-Birkenau was divided in many sub-camps, and one aspect of the camp was the slave labor for the industry used for the war effort in Germany, the need result the factories where destroy and crematorium stand. Many families and organization benefice from the Nazi state in the case of Ford, who was an anti-Semitic in one point supporting the production of the Protocols of Zion, the company still in control of some subsidiaries, or IBM benefit even after the war, her subsidiary base in Switzerland pay the royalty's for the counter machines use to tabulated the deaths in camps. Even Prescott Bush the grant Father of the Bush dynasty when his interests of the company who invested in a company who had interests in the oil fields of Rumania's used by the Nazi state, getting in the 50's a 1.5 million when USA law order the liquidation of all the German companies who where involved in WWII. With the exception of Bayer, who was part of IG Farber was he only company never liquidated.
In fact Dr Weber and Dr. Vetter were employees of Bayer. Dr Helmuth Vetter was found guilty in a trial in 1947, who organized in various concentration camps series of pharmacological experiments, working closely with his former employer. Dr. Weber head of Bayer director of Monowitz-Auschwitz-Birkenau was convicted with crimes against humanity serving three years out seven years conviction and Bayer hire him back after his time in prison and retire as director of Bayer in the late 50's. Bayer subsidiary Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Schaedlingsbekampfung (German Corporation for Pest Control), produced the Zyklon B used in the camps the company was allot to exist after WWII, since the laws passé in 50’s all the NAZI assess were to be dissolve.
In other had Joseph Kennedy pushing the State Department to deny enter to Jews in the period or the fact Father Charles E. Coughlin from Chicago in the 30's transited messages of hate against the Jews in Chicago Illinois. The involvement of the Roman Catholic Church was not just holding the Jewish children after the war. The first diplomatic to recognize the Nazi state was the Vatican. In Slovakia the President was a Priest and devout Roman Catholic premier, who pay 500 Reich Marks to take the Jewish out their hands, or Croatia a priest head of state was active in the extermination, of Jews and Slavs.
Easter Europe had a tradition where the Cossack with the blessing of the Orthodox Church carrying the pogroms in the late 1800's and 1900's. The Protestants respond was in some cases participation or collaboration, despite, a few of them where themselves interns in the camps and some Polish priest were in the camps. The Nazi state sense of race was defined to be the anti- thesis of the Jews.
After 1945, the creation of the Jewish state was due to failure of Christian Europe and USA. The new Jewish state was first supported by Soviets. The Zionist moment at least one group was socialist. The land was a collective Jewish patrimony. A brake from the rabbinical tradition the Messiah was the only can make a claim, the idea of nation to fulfill an identity.
The cold war was the conflict between totalitarian regimes versus plutocrat elite in USA. The cold war defined the sides of the state of Israel, in the early stages Frances was the supported of the Jewish state to the 1966 war, only in 1973 conflict the USA take sided with the Jewish State. In the case of Islam the conflict of ownership of the land base on religion claims. The capture of Jerusalem 20 years after Mohammad death, Islam makes a claim to the Jewish temple. In 1940's Palestine the grant Mufti of Jerusalem collaborate with Nazi state and some of the Arabs troops were trained by the SS. Now we are with have Jewish state who worship the land as respond to the Jewish identity contrary to the Rabbinical Judaism had rejected in the first century. The plutocrat elite in USA with messianic delusion playing with the wishful thinking of a new Pax-Americana, Rome, created from Athens. Three Religions groups making a claim to a land size of New Jersey, where the Christian support to Israel is so disingenuous, expecting a second come of Christian God, where half the Jewish population will be death or converted, and Islam making the same claim to a god, a fatalistic God where destiny is given by God, and Jewish state confuse with the question of identity, with land.
In any human experience, the certainty given by religion, Islam has a beginning and end, so Christianity, with second come and Judaism with a claim to a Messiah, where there is a beginning and end. On the other had the developed in late 19 and 20 century, where nature is independent of this purpose given by religion. Evolution is not only about the species, but about the molecular changes, the DNA, Protein structures. The Physics are the relationships of the Energies, Forces and the Mass, creating structure, where the purpose is independent of
Humanity and the Human experiences in some sense of being is passenger in the same ship, not only for this generation but the other generations. But the inhabitants of the ship are independent of the ship. Humanity own destiny, the decision of being has consequences to our own quality of life, the evolution who bring us to where are today has a quality of life, we know today, about the Ozone, global warming and what we need to keep this place to go, for the generations to come, we are not pawns under elites promises of equality, because the desire can't achieved, there a limited of nature, in some way not enough and other way planning all depended how we use. The secularization is to accept the fact we are not chosen, but the chosen is what kind of life we all have, we are not just individuals, but also part of human experience.
Sixteen year has past since liberation of concentration camp in Auschwitz-Birkenau by the red army as decedents of victims and predators we have created a world so dark, we need to understand how we got here and where we going. Conflict has been a dynamic created for a need to have more space for survived, certain preferences and emphasis in a hierarchy. There is a need to own a space, a tradition of locality, where a group of newcomers, take place and developed a mythology. The myth was need to know where we come and where we go, and the myth was express by rational though, eventually become a sciences, and emotionally a logos, a beginning, become believe and a philosophy. Athens codified values acceptable in the time, the slave, the barbarian, the other, the non-Greek and Rome codified the empire built on slaves. Greeks love of freedom was challenge by the Persian, but was Athens in creation of greed for a commercial empire, where his tool, the democracy of his own city. Where Athens self righteous given the right to conquer their own Greeks, the end result was a split in the Greeks cities.
Egypt, the idea of the men-God, Pharos was transmuted to one single God, absolute intolerant to any other Gods. Jews in Alexandria found their first Pogrom 70 years before the destruction of the Second Temple the charge was the Jewish do not believe in Gods, since they had not statutes to proof a God. But the tradition of intolerant was not unique to Egypt or Greek, but was writing Saul lost his Kingdom, because he refused to annihilate the family of his enemy, Amalek, because the Bible demanded the annihilation/genocide of Amalek.
The idea of being unique was transferee to one of the Jewish sect in the time of the second temple. Christianity make a claim for that uniqueness, and 325 in Nicea demanded, the you will not need to be Jew to a Christian, so transfer the mantel of being chosen from the Monotheistic Judaism, and to deny the power, Christianity deny the Jews to own slaves and the economic significances Rome was built on slaves.
The new Christian identity created a myth of Jews not as Religion, but the anti-thesis of their choice (the Anti-Christ). Later on the Jewish become under power of Christianity, by deny power, owning, the feudal structure was base from the beginning ownership of land and vassals belong to a purpose. The purpose was given by Socrates, they the rulers/the philosopher king had the right to governance, in Christianity was God and very one had his place, the Jewish belong to the King, the king and the church owns the lords and the lords own the peasant. The dark effect was Jewish, where demonize as the infidels in the Crusade time. The Jewish will pay by forced conversions in Spain and eventually expulsion in 1491. The power of the church was transform during WWII the Jewish Children under control of the Roman Catholic Church were deny of reunification with the Jewish organization, or even family. From the feudal times, Jewish had to identify themselves by yellow starts and ghettos codify how to leave a behavior. After the church lost his power, the raw hate was transform into the WWII holocaust.
In Spain in the 13 century the Bishop of Seville wrote a Jewish solution to the Jewish question, the answer for him was genocide and Luther in the reformation come to the same conclusion. The Russian Czar give the Jewish Children to the Orthodox Church, in the excuse was Jewish boys in the age 12 needed to server the Czar in his Army. The well being of the 12 years were under Orthodox Church, they saw in some ways needed to save the Jewish from them by pressure 12 years old to convert.
But this behavior was not unique to Christianity, Islam look to Judaism as Christianity did for validation. Judaism haven her own tradition and believes refused, many Jewish fought Mohammad, and retribution was decapitation, in realization. The Jews were in many lands and Christianity was a state power Islam created special rules dealing with the people of the book. Islam codify a second class citizen, built on humiliation, were the emissary of the Emir, when the emissary collected the pool taxes from the semi-infidel, the emissary hit his head, so a sense of superiority and humiliation. Jewish or Christian could not ride camels, because they could not be taller of the believers, Jewish were send in donkeys with yellow turbans and yellow string so will be identify in the public baths. In Iran Jewish were not allot to be outside when snow or rain, since the water touching their skin will impurity the believers. Christians were to use blue turbans and mules transportation mode, not Churches or Synagogues where to be built, after Mohammad death. Only the ones which existed in the time of he being alive could be repair.
In the dynamics of history Judaism in their own believe of being chosen, take a new path, where in the time of the temple the three major groups where the Priest Judaism, which took sided with Rome, since the invitation of Judah Maccabeus, Rome choose the priest, the nationalist and Rabbinical Judaism was legalistic. Rabbinical Judaism was save since one of the leaders Johanna Ben Zakai obtained from Vespasian, Caesar a place to developed the Rabbinical Judaism in Yavned where he created the Talmudic schools. Legal Judaism innovation was a believe independent of the land, in some ways was possible because in Babylon existed Jewish communities, where believe was independent of place. Only the Messiah could claim the land, not Jewish where to own the land to the Messiah time. Rabbinical Judaism had control of the community for long the Jewish were isolated and in the isolation there was not exposure to the outside. Early Islam in the conquest absorbed the locals, and one of the cultured they desire was the culture of Aristotle's and Socrates. The influences was develop in Islam the rationalist movement of the 11 century, the works of Averroes’ philosophy influenced Jewish like Maimonides, influence by the rationalist schools. The fact was in Spain the interaction between the three religions created a fertile ground in any case for Judaism rationalism has been influenced by Islam rediscover, Aristotle and Socrates.
Rabbi Saadia of Baghdad's in the 9 century was influence to the rationalist though, but his influenced behind the Jewish community was limited or not existence since Baghdad's was far away from Europe, Rabbi Saadia influence was minimal to the west (But he had tremendous influences to the Jewish communities of the diaspora).
Maimonides created the Logos which influence Aquinas and his logo was the influence by Islam rationalist. Maimonides Logos get him ex-communicated in certain segment of Rabbinical Judaism, since the idea of Judaism was base in the commitments of the 613 command, independent of the immediate understanding. The idea of understanding was emphasis after the action. Spinoza took the tradition of the logos created a god in Nature. Other Jewish, took another path in Palestine in the 14 and 15 century, base in the mythical stream of Rabbi Moshe de Leon 12 century book of the Splendor and the long tradition of esoteric though and the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in the late 1491 had effect to the secularization of identity.
The French revolution, and carry by Napoleon give the Jewish in France a citizenship. Now the Jewish are out the Ghetto, in a new secular structure and the rivalry with Christianity who holds the truth, created the seeds for Zionism. The issue was Christianity, and Islam in some level Judaism, in their religion structure created the elements where in the conquest of America give the right to the white men to genocide the aborigine's. Delas Casas change the mind of Christianity the American first nations, where human not Animals, but for Black African, the slave trade between the own groups accepted in Islam, who started the trade in Africa. The Americas was paradise for the trade, where the Spain, Portugal and Spain influenced by Roman Catholic Church doctrine encourage the slave black Africa is a religious duty. But was England, who transformed the slaves to be commodities, in the English colonies. In Virginia commonwealth the definition of slaves was one of birth, where not slave could be free if he or she born under that destiny, and moreover generations were bound to that destiny and fate.
After the French Indian war England promise the first not nations not expansion to the west, Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson repudiated the new rules, when the new taxes where impose, given a huge incentives for independence. From the moment of independent, USA tries to conquer the northern part of the continent. The continent had an internal problem, because that was French territory transfer by war to the English, and had a French speaking colony.
Benedict Arnold could not take Quebec City in 1777 and later USA under the leadership Governor of Indiana in 1812-1813 try invades Canada from Fort Detroit. USA saw his right to be an imperial power, to open the west and not doubt the north. After the civil war threat were made Canada got confederation.
In the 1863 civil war, the war of the union, Lincoln saw the only way to brake the South back was to emancipate the slaves, since the south was Agriculture society engine and slaves. James Town Virginia, which their crop was Tobacco, used the economic exploitation of human slaves. The South Carolina rice crops use slaves, and cotton the most important export in the 1840's was driving by King Cotton. The industrial north economic wealth was driving by the investments of the south, many loans and investments were support by firms of the time, J. P. Morgan, for example accepted 10,000 slaves as collateral for loans, when the loans defaults, the slaves where sold to the market. In the eve of the civil war New York City major with city hall wanted to subside from New York and subside from the Union, because the entire financial district had invested in South.
The lack of conviction about emancipation had as result in the late 1888 in Missouri the creation of the Jim Crows laws, separation of the races. During WWII the tradition of some men are least then others applied when the Jews needed a place to escape Europe, the USA close the doors in dramatic as in 1938 where the Spirit of San Louis carrying 960 refugees, where deny port in New York or actively encourage others by pressure to doe the same, case in point was the same ship ask port in Havana Cuba and USA pressure Cuba to do the same. The significance in 1942 the existences and the events happen in the concentration camps were known. Due to the fact the Polish resistance inform the British, moreover the Nazis made a proposal to save the Hungarian Jewish for 1,000 trucks all deny, by the British, because they did not wanted the Jewish from Europe or USA did not destroy the lines to Auschwitz-Birkenau after, the Jewish communities beg. Auschwitz-Birkenau was divided in many sub-camps, and one aspect of the camp was the slave labor for the industry used for the war effort in Germany, the need result the factories where destroy and crematorium stand. Many families and organization benefice from the Nazi state in the case of Ford, who was an anti-Semitic in one point supporting the production of the Protocols of Zion, the company still in control of some subsidiaries, or IBM benefit even after the war, her subsidiary base in Switzerland pay the royalty's for the counter machines use to tabulated the deaths in camps. Even Prescott Bush the grant Father of the Bush dynasty when his interests of the company who invested in a company who had interests in the oil fields of Rumania's used by the Nazi state, getting in the 50's a 1.5 million when USA law order the liquidation of all the German companies who where involved in WWII. With the exception of Bayer, who was part of IG Farber was he only company never liquidated.
In fact Dr Weber and Dr. Vetter were employees of Bayer. Dr Helmuth Vetter was found guilty in a trial in 1947, who organized in various concentration camps series of pharmacological experiments, working closely with his former employer. Dr. Weber head of Bayer director of Monowitz-Auschwitz-Birkenau was convicted with crimes against humanity serving three years out seven years conviction and Bayer hire him back after his time in prison and retire as director of Bayer in the late 50's. Bayer subsidiary Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Schaedlingsbekampfung (German Corporation for Pest Control), produced the Zyklon B used in the camps the company was allot to exist after WWII, since the laws passé in 50’s all the NAZI assess were to be dissolve.
In other had Joseph Kennedy pushing the State Department to deny enter to Jews in the period or the fact Father Charles E. Coughlin from Chicago in the 30's transited messages of hate against the Jews in Chicago Illinois. The involvement of the Roman Catholic Church was not just holding the Jewish children after the war. The first diplomatic to recognize the Nazi state was the Vatican. In Slovakia the President was a Priest and devout Roman Catholic premier, who pay 500 Reich Marks to take the Jewish out their hands, or Croatia a priest head of state was active in the extermination, of Jews and Slavs.
Easter Europe had a tradition where the Cossack with the blessing of the Orthodox Church carrying the pogroms in the late 1800's and 1900's. The Protestants respond was in some cases participation or collaboration, despite, a few of them where themselves interns in the camps and some Polish priest were in the camps. The Nazi state sense of race was defined to be the anti- thesis of the Jews.
After 1945, the creation of the Jewish state was due to failure of Christian Europe and USA. The new Jewish state was first supported by Soviets. The Zionist moment at least one group was socialist. The land was a collective Jewish patrimony. A brake from the rabbinical tradition the Messiah was the only can make a claim, the idea of nation to fulfill an identity.
The cold war was the conflict between totalitarian regimes versus plutocrat elite in USA. The cold war defined the sides of the state of Israel, in the early stages Frances was the supported of the Jewish state to the 1966 war, only in 1973 conflict the USA take sided with the Jewish State. In the case of Islam the conflict of ownership of the land base on religion claims. The capture of Jerusalem 20 years after Mohammad death, Islam makes a claim to the Jewish temple. In 1940's Palestine the grant Mufti of Jerusalem collaborate with Nazi state and some of the Arabs troops were trained by the SS. Now we are with have Jewish state who worship the land as respond to the Jewish identity contrary to the Rabbinical Judaism had rejected in the first century. The plutocrat elite in USA with messianic delusion playing with the wishful thinking of a new Pax-Americana, Rome, created from Athens. Three Religions groups making a claim to a land size of New Jersey, where the Christian support to Israel is so disingenuous, expecting a second come of Christian God, where half the Jewish population will be death or converted, and Islam making the same claim to a god, a fatalistic God where destiny is given by God, and Jewish state confuse with the question of identity, with land.
In any human experience, the certainty given by religion, Islam has a beginning and end, so Christianity, with second come and Judaism with a claim to a Messiah, where there is a beginning and end. On the other had the developed in late 19 and 20 century, where nature is independent of this purpose given by religion. Evolution is not only about the species, but about the molecular changes, the DNA, Protein structures. The Physics are the relationships of the Energies, Forces and the Mass, creating structure, where the purpose is independent of
Humanity and the Human experiences in some sense of being is passenger in the same ship, not only for this generation but the other generations. But the inhabitants of the ship are independent of the ship. Humanity own destiny, the decision of being has consequences to our own quality of life, the evolution who bring us to where are today has a quality of life, we know today, about the Ozone, global warming and what we need to keep this place to go, for the generations to come, we are not pawns under elites promises of equality, because the desire can't achieved, there a limited of nature, in some way not enough and other way planning all depended how we use. The secularization is to accept the fact we are not chosen, but the chosen is what kind of life we all have, we are not just individuals, but also part of human experience.
The skeptic does not belong to any specific ideology, but we can consider him is person who question context in their time. Evolution of though had many context, but underline about the skeptic is will have impact behind the place and time.
History shows for example the monotheistic ideas may haven part of human experience from the beginning. The rebel Pharaoh Akhenaten the then king of the 18th Dynasty (1369-1332 BCE), he was consider as outcast. Akhenaten rein was in the high points of Egypt. Pharaoh Family place was in Thebes, the city of God Amun.
The absolute power of the Pharaohs change the cults of Egypt to the Worship of Aten, solar disc-Akhenaten regime consisted 16 years. He closed the temples Amun and sent the priest of Amun to destroy the statues of Amun. After his death the Amun priest make sure, his legacy was to be forgotten, but his influence to a single God, had effect in the region from the fact his position.
Another significant figure rebellious and skeptic in the particle society was Socrates. Socrates rebellion questioning the Democracy of Athens, where Athens was a society driven by slaves and the Democratic Athens was privilege to few free males. The ideal state of Socrates was described by Plato in the Republic. Socrates ideal was just not radical Aristocrat, but Socrates philosophy king created the Emperor, Caesar and the dictatorships. The believed of absolute power to benefit the many, just because the philosopher king had the access to knowledge to make the judgment.
After Constantine made Christianity the official religion, in 529 CE Christian Roman Emperor Justinian order the close of the Academy, to that time many Romans like Cicero and Horace were educated in this Schools in Athens.
Zeno of Citium founded the Stoic school. The school idea of self control and the opposite Epicureanism who believe in atomic materials and the materialism question of the divinity intervention, Epicureanism philosophy consider small pleasure to obtain tranquility. The significant of the two schools is the religion does not define away of life. The beneficiary of Authoritarian single power was the church and divine right of the Christian Emperor. In the city of God, Augustine not just deal with his own pagan roots, but set ideal in some many ways the Socrates vision, where the absolute Authority of the Church and vision of the Church.
Skeptic is not a tradition on the West, but in East Buddha philosophy was a rebellion towards India cast, yes, there is spiritual guide, but in some ways to find a truth was social commentary. Confucius philosophy of order appears after the bloody unification of China under Qin Shi Huang.
Islam skepticism has different trajectory, the school of rationalist Avicenna (980-1037), Averroes (1126-1198) and Ibn Khaldoun (1332-1406). They try to come with terms of the inherent Materialism of the Greeks with the new religion of Islam. Even in the long run could not make head ways with their program. A key for development for society is an open society, not just ideas, but social and political.
China had 300 plus ships, under command of Zheng He, which open China, but in the 1433 the exploration was stop by the Ming dynasty and close China. Japan open partial to west, since survival of Feudal system was the access to technology, but technology is one aspect, since to created needs interactions in many levels: Sciences, Philosophy, Art, Music, Literature are part of human experiences only can be explorer in open society any type of repression will stifle.
For Christianity the church to maintain power of knowledge, by limiting access to the books, since only the elite had education Latin, Greek and very few knew Hebrew, that limited who own the knowledge. Before Luther reformation, the crusades remained Europe to world outside and Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099-1291) come in direct contact with outside world and not since Mongols Europe had not access to trade routes of silk and spice (Marco Polo). To date the feudal system were land defines power, but the cities since Rome had not significance.
Kevin Carson have a great analytical analysis for British Island dealing to the access and distribution of lands after William conquest, were limiting the common land and many cases the common land was lost. Even, when ownership of the land was not in question the owners had to pay taxes to the new land owner class.
Of course, economic power by the cities and the nobility limiting the access to the land to the serfs create economic discontent. The call of Urban II for the crusades had not only religious value but had also an economic connection pressure relieve. The Jews since they hold to their own believe and value, were consider outsiders. The church and nobility demanded a social homogeneity and created an idea of collective value, where the Jews become a challenge to Augustine Utopia of City of God, so in some ways the economic value was given to the Jews. Since 325 CE, Jews were not allot to own slaves especially Christians slaves, since in Jews tradition the slave in house hold they are to become Jews in case the slaves are free, they are full members of the Jews community Christianity limited the access to cheap labor. An aspect of Rome economy was slaves, the free labor provide by the slaves could not be mach by pay labor and pretty much the condition who can own land become limited to Christians, and not just any Christians but nobility, and limitation to trades via guilds, put the Jews with limited access to survive.
For Christianity the translation of bible into vernacular, was a direct challenge to the Church, but for the Church heretic was a conflict since authority has been form in the Church Cannon challenge by Gnostics Gospels suppressed. The Cathars or Albigensias, and Waldensian was the beginning to challenge the absolute and corrupt power of the Church, the fact in another hand Spain conquest by Islam and the hold power for 800 years, created a exchanges of ideas an Open Society, but that Utopia ended by Islam own radicalism and recon quest.
The reformation was possible because the brought God to individual level were the bible was not in domain of elite being the Church or nobility. The cost of such enterprise not just translation, but to call for such enterprise burn many, like John Wyclif (1330-1384), who protest against Augustine skepticism, but he demanded the Authority was directly form the Bible and early Church. He demand use secular Authority to control the Church authority and question the authority of the pope. Another significant figure is Jan Huss (1372/73-1415) a Philosopher and Master in Charles University in Prague. The context of question the Authority of the Church was in 1408, when there was claim and contra claim, between the French Pope Avignon Pope and Pope Gregory XII and Huss call was the vernacular Bible, he was burn at the stake.
Luther and reformation in England, but from a secular knowledge Galileo for the first time had a method which was not theology, but Empirical where the Church Authority, but the nobility divine right was put into test. Galileo did not invite the empirical method, but Galileo was a child like many of Roger Bacon (1214-1294), who emphasis was empiricism. Galileo with telescope and moreover Galileo brings Copernicus ideas into a tangible view where the base of God was to be put into empirical church and the church reaction create their own demises of their authority, by creating Galileo ideas dissenter, like many ideas of dissenters they have appeal of the forbidden.
Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536) facilitated the introduction of Humanism into discourse of Authority, and they beginning of secularization of the knowledge.
The tolerance of Benedict Spinoza, is in part of being decedent of the Jews being through out from Spain, and the second expulsion of his own roots. Spinoza being the minority of the minority felt just to exists was not enough to coexist but tolerance, the same view was taken by Montaigne, besides the creation of the use of the essay, where he question the religious conflicts of his time.
Luther was a reformer, but he was also a reactionary. Luther supported the nobility against peasants of the Alsace, and the peasants appeal to Luther was to not abele, his cruelty against who question the feudal order when to Jews diet in Worms Germany, and the expulsion of the Jews in Saxony. Luther, in “On the Jews and their Lies” a 60,000 thousand words of venom was not just the fact Jews challenge the Christian Messiah, but Luther sensibility sense of order.
Anti-Semitism was not unique to Luther, and the source was Roman Catholicism which needs Jews is justification to the authoritarian power of the Church. For the Church was not only about the Messiah rejection, but the order where everyone had place in society, the consequences, when Church power had not value, but the sense order continue. Austria in the 1930’s had Roman Catholic dictatorship, the same Croatia and Slovakia. Hitler use the Anti-Semitic symbols layout by the Roman Catholic Church, in many respects Hitler believe the Unification of German speaking people will be done Catholics, Hitler create the secular Anti-Semitic with the roots in Christianity.
Significant the skeptic using empiricism is a tool, Darwin evolution is a master piece in empirical exercises and skepticism, but from Pharaoh Akhenaten to Darwin the Human experience when from something outside ourselves to something is about ourselves.
Besides of human though, the experience transfer to other spheres, political sphere, where the divine right of Aristocrats was question in Enlighten, the America Revolution with contradictions, where the right of the white to have a continental nation, in expenses of the Natives, and use of race for perpetual cheap labor of African Americas, but nothing come into conflict to the industrial revolution, where masses of serf become working class, the power of land transfer to production.
The question of skeptic was about the control, political power, where Capitalism taken root of the order in the Aristocrats. New Utopias define by Thomas Moore, where ideal was to achieve the Feudal order.
Marx using Hegel Christian philosophy was the Philosopher king was the working class and the class eventually through class consciousness will achieve the ideal of the Feudal Order, but to speak to consequences of such new order. The Critics following another tradition, whether was William Godwin say man is rational eventually the irrationality of a single power, government will hamper individual rationality. Later on Proudhon a society without a central Authority, the collectivism of Bakunin and Kropotkin communism question the ideal of single class consciousness, the experiment of the ideal feudal society ended in 1945 with the German mater race and single class in 1990. Emma Goldman and Kropotkin saw from beginning of Lenin took over the revolution consequences of the Feudal society of one single class, the technocratic elite become the new masters in the new Feudal Society. Bakunin split with Marx over this question. The end of the Soviet experiment shows the same characteristic of Feudal society with the repression.
But orthodoxy is not just political or social or science or art or literature, in some ways is the cultural tendency, where we are program to accept the Feudal Order.
The Catholic Church and the Evangelical movements are appealing to ideal of Feudal order (i.e. Fundamentalist in Islam or Judaism are themselves appealing to same order sensibilities). Socrates saw poets is challenge to his ideal, later on the radical Aristocrat Nietzsche question Authority of the group, but he transfers the judgment to the Aristocrat.
The question to skeptic is the question of the Orthodoxy which holds the Authority, Marquis de Sade challenge to sexuality was to the Authority of the Feudal view in sexuality.
Molecular evolution have show the pedestal and long ladder we have following from the God to level we share the same with our surrounding, where we are not any more in the realms of the Gods, and the skeptic have to confront a new orthodoxy in human level. In Dispossessed by Ursula Le Guin in the Anarchist Utopia, even in the Utopia there is orthodoxy. Every generation, wherever is found will find a Feudal Lord saying how to think or behavior a church a cult a religion defining the though a God, Gods or Goddesses. But hope for all of us we will have someone
History shows for example the monotheistic ideas may haven part of human experience from the beginning. The rebel Pharaoh Akhenaten the then king of the 18th Dynasty (1369-1332 BCE), he was consider as outcast. Akhenaten rein was in the high points of Egypt. Pharaoh Family place was in Thebes, the city of God Amun.
The absolute power of the Pharaohs change the cults of Egypt to the Worship of Aten, solar disc-Akhenaten regime consisted 16 years. He closed the temples Amun and sent the priest of Amun to destroy the statues of Amun. After his death the Amun priest make sure, his legacy was to be forgotten, but his influence to a single God, had effect in the region from the fact his position.
Another significant figure rebellious and skeptic in the particle society was Socrates. Socrates rebellion questioning the Democracy of Athens, where Athens was a society driven by slaves and the Democratic Athens was privilege to few free males. The ideal state of Socrates was described by Plato in the Republic. Socrates ideal was just not radical Aristocrat, but Socrates philosophy king created the Emperor, Caesar and the dictatorships. The believed of absolute power to benefit the many, just because the philosopher king had the access to knowledge to make the judgment.
After Constantine made Christianity the official religion, in 529 CE Christian Roman Emperor Justinian order the close of the Academy, to that time many Romans like Cicero and Horace were educated in this Schools in Athens.
Zeno of Citium founded the Stoic school. The school idea of self control and the opposite Epicureanism who believe in atomic materials and the materialism question of the divinity intervention, Epicureanism philosophy consider small pleasure to obtain tranquility. The significant of the two schools is the religion does not define away of life. The beneficiary of Authoritarian single power was the church and divine right of the Christian Emperor. In the city of God, Augustine not just deal with his own pagan roots, but set ideal in some many ways the Socrates vision, where the absolute Authority of the Church and vision of the Church.
Skeptic is not a tradition on the West, but in East Buddha philosophy was a rebellion towards India cast, yes, there is spiritual guide, but in some ways to find a truth was social commentary. Confucius philosophy of order appears after the bloody unification of China under Qin Shi Huang.
Islam skepticism has different trajectory, the school of rationalist Avicenna (980-1037), Averroes (1126-1198) and Ibn Khaldoun (1332-1406). They try to come with terms of the inherent Materialism of the Greeks with the new religion of Islam. Even in the long run could not make head ways with their program. A key for development for society is an open society, not just ideas, but social and political.
China had 300 plus ships, under command of Zheng He, which open China, but in the 1433 the exploration was stop by the Ming dynasty and close China. Japan open partial to west, since survival of Feudal system was the access to technology, but technology is one aspect, since to created needs interactions in many levels: Sciences, Philosophy, Art, Music, Literature are part of human experiences only can be explorer in open society any type of repression will stifle.
For Christianity the church to maintain power of knowledge, by limiting access to the books, since only the elite had education Latin, Greek and very few knew Hebrew, that limited who own the knowledge. Before Luther reformation, the crusades remained Europe to world outside and Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099-1291) come in direct contact with outside world and not since Mongols Europe had not access to trade routes of silk and spice (Marco Polo). To date the feudal system were land defines power, but the cities since Rome had not significance.
Kevin Carson have a great analytical analysis for British Island dealing to the access and distribution of lands after William conquest, were limiting the common land and many cases the common land was lost. Even, when ownership of the land was not in question the owners had to pay taxes to the new land owner class.
Of course, economic power by the cities and the nobility limiting the access to the land to the serfs create economic discontent. The call of Urban II for the crusades had not only religious value but had also an economic connection pressure relieve. The Jews since they hold to their own believe and value, were consider outsiders. The church and nobility demanded a social homogeneity and created an idea of collective value, where the Jews become a challenge to Augustine Utopia of City of God, so in some ways the economic value was given to the Jews. Since 325 CE, Jews were not allot to own slaves especially Christians slaves, since in Jews tradition the slave in house hold they are to become Jews in case the slaves are free, they are full members of the Jews community Christianity limited the access to cheap labor. An aspect of Rome economy was slaves, the free labor provide by the slaves could not be mach by pay labor and pretty much the condition who can own land become limited to Christians, and not just any Christians but nobility, and limitation to trades via guilds, put the Jews with limited access to survive.
For Christianity the translation of bible into vernacular, was a direct challenge to the Church, but for the Church heretic was a conflict since authority has been form in the Church Cannon challenge by Gnostics Gospels suppressed. The Cathars or Albigensias, and Waldensian was the beginning to challenge the absolute and corrupt power of the Church, the fact in another hand Spain conquest by Islam and the hold power for 800 years, created a exchanges of ideas an Open Society, but that Utopia ended by Islam own radicalism and recon quest.
The reformation was possible because the brought God to individual level were the bible was not in domain of elite being the Church or nobility. The cost of such enterprise not just translation, but to call for such enterprise burn many, like John Wyclif (1330-1384), who protest against Augustine skepticism, but he demanded the Authority was directly form the Bible and early Church. He demand use secular Authority to control the Church authority and question the authority of the pope. Another significant figure is Jan Huss (1372/73-1415) a Philosopher and Master in Charles University in Prague. The context of question the Authority of the Church was in 1408, when there was claim and contra claim, between the French Pope Avignon Pope and Pope Gregory XII and Huss call was the vernacular Bible, he was burn at the stake.
Luther and reformation in England, but from a secular knowledge Galileo for the first time had a method which was not theology, but Empirical where the Church Authority, but the nobility divine right was put into test. Galileo did not invite the empirical method, but Galileo was a child like many of Roger Bacon (1214-1294), who emphasis was empiricism. Galileo with telescope and moreover Galileo brings Copernicus ideas into a tangible view where the base of God was to be put into empirical church and the church reaction create their own demises of their authority, by creating Galileo ideas dissenter, like many ideas of dissenters they have appeal of the forbidden.
Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536) facilitated the introduction of Humanism into discourse of Authority, and they beginning of secularization of the knowledge.
The tolerance of Benedict Spinoza, is in part of being decedent of the Jews being through out from Spain, and the second expulsion of his own roots. Spinoza being the minority of the minority felt just to exists was not enough to coexist but tolerance, the same view was taken by Montaigne, besides the creation of the use of the essay, where he question the religious conflicts of his time.
Luther was a reformer, but he was also a reactionary. Luther supported the nobility against peasants of the Alsace, and the peasants appeal to Luther was to not abele, his cruelty against who question the feudal order when to Jews diet in Worms Germany, and the expulsion of the Jews in Saxony. Luther, in “On the Jews and their Lies” a 60,000 thousand words of venom was not just the fact Jews challenge the Christian Messiah, but Luther sensibility sense of order.
Anti-Semitism was not unique to Luther, and the source was Roman Catholicism which needs Jews is justification to the authoritarian power of the Church. For the Church was not only about the Messiah rejection, but the order where everyone had place in society, the consequences, when Church power had not value, but the sense order continue. Austria in the 1930’s had Roman Catholic dictatorship, the same Croatia and Slovakia. Hitler use the Anti-Semitic symbols layout by the Roman Catholic Church, in many respects Hitler believe the Unification of German speaking people will be done Catholics, Hitler create the secular Anti-Semitic with the roots in Christianity.
Significant the skeptic using empiricism is a tool, Darwin evolution is a master piece in empirical exercises and skepticism, but from Pharaoh Akhenaten to Darwin the Human experience when from something outside ourselves to something is about ourselves.
Besides of human though, the experience transfer to other spheres, political sphere, where the divine right of Aristocrats was question in Enlighten, the America Revolution with contradictions, where the right of the white to have a continental nation, in expenses of the Natives, and use of race for perpetual cheap labor of African Americas, but nothing come into conflict to the industrial revolution, where masses of serf become working class, the power of land transfer to production.
The question of skeptic was about the control, political power, where Capitalism taken root of the order in the Aristocrats. New Utopias define by Thomas Moore, where ideal was to achieve the Feudal order.
Marx using Hegel Christian philosophy was the Philosopher king was the working class and the class eventually through class consciousness will achieve the ideal of the Feudal Order, but to speak to consequences of such new order. The Critics following another tradition, whether was William Godwin say man is rational eventually the irrationality of a single power, government will hamper individual rationality. Later on Proudhon a society without a central Authority, the collectivism of Bakunin and Kropotkin communism question the ideal of single class consciousness, the experiment of the ideal feudal society ended in 1945 with the German mater race and single class in 1990. Emma Goldman and Kropotkin saw from beginning of Lenin took over the revolution consequences of the Feudal society of one single class, the technocratic elite become the new masters in the new Feudal Society. Bakunin split with Marx over this question. The end of the Soviet experiment shows the same characteristic of Feudal society with the repression.
But orthodoxy is not just political or social or science or art or literature, in some ways is the cultural tendency, where we are program to accept the Feudal Order.
The Catholic Church and the Evangelical movements are appealing to ideal of Feudal order (i.e. Fundamentalist in Islam or Judaism are themselves appealing to same order sensibilities). Socrates saw poets is challenge to his ideal, later on the radical Aristocrat Nietzsche question Authority of the group, but he transfers the judgment to the Aristocrat.
The question to skeptic is the question of the Orthodoxy which holds the Authority, Marquis de Sade challenge to sexuality was to the Authority of the Feudal view in sexuality.
Molecular evolution have show the pedestal and long ladder we have following from the God to level we share the same with our surrounding, where we are not any more in the realms of the Gods, and the skeptic have to confront a new orthodoxy in human level. In Dispossessed by Ursula Le Guin in the Anarchist Utopia, even in the Utopia there is orthodoxy. Every generation, wherever is found will find a Feudal Lord saying how to think or behavior a church a cult a religion defining the though a God, Gods or Goddesses. But hope for all of us we will have someone
Thursday, December 21, 2006
In the same spirit the work of Michel Onfray, in his later book Atheist Manifiesto, which is being Publich in Canada in 2007. The book challange the ideology of the three monotheistic religions, Islam, Christianity and Judaisim. The book has such effect Mr Onfray received death threaths.
a link about his work:
http://www.the start.com/Ideas/article/157827
a link about his work:
http://www.the start.com/Ideas/article/157827
In the Op Editorial of NY times, Marc C Taylor: The Devoted Student He shows the difficulties in to question the ideology of the day, wherever political, religious and social. For that reason we need a public area for a civil discussion. The link to the article is given below:
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/21/opinion/21taylor.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/21/opinion/21taylor.html
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