Saturday, January 11, 2020
Mythology of Pseudo-Sciences
From start social structures to be able maintain control, social
structures will compartmentalize, from structure itself to individuals, the
objective is to control, Arendt in Origin Totalitarianism, in the chapter 2—about
Imperialism, the innovation, the justification—by the British of slave trade
from just a non-pay function, the introduction of race, originally based on
course of Noah (Thomas H 1997. The Slave Trade, The Story of the Atlantic Slave
Trade: 1440-1870, Simon and Schuster), from Arendt introduction of pseudo
sciences to justify epitomizes Cecil Rhodes white supremacist ideology. In
United States, the racism was amalgam not just race or economics but a social
cast (Parkison RG, 2016. The Common Cause: creating race and nation in the
American Revolution, University North Carolina Press; Baptist E, 2014. The Half
has never Told: Slavery and The Making of America Capitalism)—the cruelty of
the cast was to make other a thing (Jones Rogers S E 2019. They were her
property: White woman as slave Owners in the American South, Yale University), the institutionalization of the practice took root, when Maryland Introduce law, born
slaves will be to end of times (Johnson C and Smith P, 1998. Africans in
American: American Journey though Slavery, A Harvest Book).
The consequence of the structure from the Civil War to the Jim Crow, as Analyze
by Henry Louis Gates Jr in Reconstruction America After the Civil War, 2019.
More over the expansion to west was driving to add more Territory to practice the
slavery as institution (Gibson C, 2019. El Norte : The Epic and Forgotten Story
of Hispanic North America, Atlantic Monthly Press, New York), but justification
was revived by exemplified Eugenics which impacted immigration quotas (closing doors to the Jews of Europe) and
reinforced race cast in US (Okret D, 2019. The Guarded Gate: Bigotry, Eugenics
and the Law that kept generations of Jews, Italians and Other European
Immigrants out of America, Scribner).
The US Eugenic hopes become law of the land in 1930´s in Germany, Italy
and access (Evans J E, 2005. The Third Reich in Power), while the National
Socialism used other justification in the occult as alternative emotional
religion (Gooddrick-Clarke N, 2012, The Occult Roots of Nazism, Tauris Parker),
the pseudo-science exposed by Alfred Rosenberg (Piper E, 2007. Alfred Rosenberg
Hitlers Chefideologe, Pantheon) become the center justification of Holocaust.
Because this factors in US all minorities Irish (Cahill T 1995. How The
Irish Saved Civilization: The Untold Story of Ireland's Heroic Role from the
Fall of Rome to the Rise of Medieval Europe, Nan A. Talese) not unique, the
same was written for the Jews by Patai (Patai R, 1977. The Jewish Mind,
Scibner), every minority in US had need to justify his/her value. Stephens in
December 27, 2019 opinion of the Germany Jews Genius used the Eugenic
Arguments, shows completed ignorance and lack deep or education. Before Nobel
become a measure, for 200000 did not exits, and humanity built body of
knowledge, which in some case were Eureka moments, but must was built brick by
brick.
Closed 3000 years Aristotle and ptolemy, are facts, but as humans we
have evolved (all of us—DNA is the basic proof about human evolution the work
of Augustine Monk Gregor Mendel become basic for Genetics—not just the
arguments of Darwin Natural Selection), from Africa, whether today Ethiopia or Savanna
of Africa, with different Migrations to Asia, Australia, Europe and the
Americas we are all from Africa. The development has been in transfer and
advance, the must simple Babylon used based 60 and many Geometry forms used by
the Egyptians, but the formalization, which become based to Science and
technology today take roots in the Greek Dramas, Euclidean Geometry as a theater
of abstract ideas, to the point Spinoza philosophical ideas base on idea of demonstration,
why the Greeks developed, because culture of sea man base communicated and interaction
with other culture, Herodotus travel to Egypt (Freedman C, 1999. The Greek Achievement: The foundation of Western World, Viking), as today Greek have
600,000 words dictionary and 70000000 words recorded. The idea the world was a
Sphere was rooted in Phoenicians circumventing Africa employed by Egyptian
pharaoh Necho II c. 610–595 BC, using starts for Navigation, inspired the
theory of a spherical Earth, made by the Parmenides in the 5th century B.C., Eratosthenes,
from Cyrenaica (276–194 BC), estimated Earth's circumference around 240 B.C.,
based in Syene the Sun was directly overhead at the summer solstice whereas in
Alexandria it still cast a shadow. Using the differing angles the shadows made
as the basis of his trigonometric calculations he estimated a circumference of
around 250,000 stades. Eratosthenes used rough estimates and round numbers, but
depending on the length of the stadion, his result is within a margin of
between 2% and 20% of the actual meridional circumference, 40,008 kilometers. Eratosthenes
could only measure the circumference of the Earth by assuming that the distance
to the Sun is so great that the rays of sunlight are practically parallel.
Kepler based on the measurements of Tycho, created Keplers (3) laws, Copernicus
work did not get full impact to Kepler introduce explanation of planet movements.
Newton work impact was based on Kepler and others—example the creation Integration
was not just Newton, Leibniz simultaneous, the integration symbol used today
is Leibniz, what is significant used of Mathematics was the used of formalization,
the Age of Discovery, used creation of Maps introduce concept being utilize in
applications ( Wooton D, 2015.The Invention of Science: A New History of the
Scientific Revolution).
Islam used and developed the Astronomy used for navigation, created
based of the formalization, from optics, the Camera Obscure which used Renascent
Art developing, the work Arab physicist
Ibn al-Haytham (Latinised Alhazen) (965–1039) extensively studied phenomenon in
the early 11th century. He provided the first competent geometrical and
quantitative descriptions and must have understood the relationship between the
focal point and the pinhole, in his book Optics. Arab and Islam contribution is wide from the Astrolabe
to algorithm (the Persian Muḥammad Khwārizmī محمد بن موسى خوارزمی; c. 780 –
c. 850). Around 820 AD he was appointed as the astronomer and head of the
library of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad.
Al-Khwarizmi's popularizing treatise on algebra (The Compendious Book on
Calculation by Completion and Balancing, c. 813–833 C.E.) presented the first
systematic solution of linear and quadratic equations. One of his principal
achievements in algebra was his demonstration of how to solve quadratic
equations by completing the square, for which he provided geometric
justifications.
Because he was the first to treat algebra as an independent discipline
and introduced the methods of reduction
and balancing (the transposition of
subtracted terms to the other side of an equation, that is, the cancellation of
like terms on opposite sides of the equation), he was the father and founder of
algebra. The term algebra itself comes from the title of his book (specifically
the word al-jabr meaning completion or rejoining). His name gave rise to the terms algorism and algorithm. His
name is also the origin of (Spanish) guarismo
and of (Portuguese) algarismo, both
meaning digit).
Science as a human endeavor, not individual or group owns, without 19
Century Mathematics will not be 20 Century Physics. Poincare introduced a
method to resolved heat transfer using separation variables, when Schroeder used
this method to resolved Energy Equation of Quantum, which Planck show the
matter have duality of particle and wave.
Einstein in Relativity (Galileo developed coordinate transformations) introduced
a scale function (Gamma function) to maintain in any coordinate, resolving
Newton Gravity—describing what kind force, and the scaled was based Michelson Interferometer
work, which disprove ether, showing the speed of light is the same everywhere. 19 century Physics formalism trivet to an analytic solutions, Schroeder revolution not just introduction separation variables (Poincare technique), but introduction of linear algebra. Many physics solutions due to difficulties, complexity, with the introduction of Numerical Approximation, (based on the work Brook Taylor, 1685-1731), the truncation error not just applied to Physics problems, but solving Technology, the used of Error Propagation, replacing Analytic Solutions.
The General Relativity used tensor developed by Ricci a Jewish Mathematician,
which Italian Fascist drove him to obscurity.
Modern Mathematics take root disputation between Cantor and Kronecker, Poincare
included Ludwig Wittgenstein philosophical objections. Cantor saw his
mathematics a Pantheism. Kronecker's
public opposition and personal attacks included describing Cantor as a scientific charlatan, a renegade and a corrupter of youth.
Kronecker objected to Cantor's proofs that the algebraic numbers are
countable, and that the transcendental numbers are uncountable, results now
included in a standard mathematics curriculum. Writing decades after Cantor's
death, Wittgenstein lamented that mathematics
is ridden through and through with the pernicious idioms of set theory,
which he dismissed as utter nonsense
that is laughable" and wrong.
But not doubt the Prince of Mathematics in 20 Century was self though autodidact
Ramanujan, who say to Littlewood his mathematics was from Goddess Mahalakshmi.
There is not a single group who can say better than other, the Prices
like Nobel trivialize the Human endeavor, since if one individual is the key,
while science is work of many added generation to generation. The beauty of the
scientific method is founded in control and reproducibility by any one with
some competence and skill, anyone can do, not group owns, circumstances, and
social development, an example after WWII, sciences in Europe was disseminated,
in 1990´s when US Government Bush Senior stop the support of High Energy Physics
due to the cost, the Research returned to Europe to CERN, the cost due
complexity demands multiple approaches case LIGO, or Regenerative Medicine requires
group works, the individual is not suffices.
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