Hildesheim

In 825 become the seat of Bishop of Hildesheim and 1367 is part of the Hanseatic League, during pogrom in 1938 the Synagogue was destroy today a memorial as left (most of the Jews were deporte to death camps to the east):

Carpentras Provencal

One of the continues and surviving synagogue 1367 and May 1990 Jewish cemetery was desecrated by French and European Party.  

Troyes and Ramerupt

While Sholomo Yazhaki (Rashi), born in Troyes and study in Worms. The Jews under Medieval Europe law were not allot to own land, but the land for wine growth was consider industry and one of the land uses was allot to Jews, what left from Medieval is nothing, except the graveof his grant son Jacob ben Meir (Rabbeniu Tam).

The Symbol of R and Shin, is approximated location where the Jews cemetery was located.

The Synagogue in Troyes

Troyes today

Rameperut

Property

Property definition considered in classical liberal though: Hobes consider property “give every man of his own. John Locke  Second Treatise on Civil Government: “Every man has a property in his own person. This nobody has a right to, but himself.”  James Harrington “property natural but not inevitable.” William Blackstone in codify English Law the property is: "can resist tyranny of the Nobility." David Hume considers the liberty should be submitted under the state control. Charles Comte  Traité de la propriété (1834) try to legitimize property in respond to the Burbon Restoration:

a)      Interference by the state over the centuries in property ownership has had dire consequences for justice as well as for economic productivity.

b)      The property is legitimate when it emerges in such a way as not to harm anyone.

c)       Historically some, but by no means all, property which has evolved has done so legitimately, with the implication that the present distribution of property is a complex mixture of legitimately and illegitimately held titles

The use of property is found in Sumerian code, where the exchange merchandise is described for tax payments. Of course the Jews Law should not steal defined what property. Aristotle in Politics said lack property will neglected the commons.

Property from this historical tradition based on a right by authority, in most cases represented of the governance elite.

Western tradition, Byzantium and Ottoman law which appropriated the definitions of property derive from Roman law ( While some Roman Historians suggested the 12 Tablets are derived from Athens Solon Laws, much discussion, since Rome wanted a mantel legitimize by embracing Athens tradition, which many disputed). In Roman law Ius privatu, private property was defined as right granted in by the state and conducted by agreements.

A good example the Intellectual Property or patents considered in Venice 1774 issuing a decree of a creation will have a commercial value, by given a monopoly of period of 10 years. But early cases of this monopoly is found England in the form of Letters of Patents in 1331 given to John Kempe and his Company as Royal grant, later on codify in Status of Monopolies 1673. In Florence 1421, this Letters Patents found, and there is some evidence use Greek City states: In 500 BC, Sybaris today in Italy “encouragement was held out to all who should discover any new refinement in luxury, the profits arising from which were secured to the inventor by patent for the space of a yea (Charles Anthon, A Classical Dictionary: Containing An Account Of The Principal Proper Names Mentioned in Ancient Authors, And Intended To Elucidate All The Important Points Connected With The Geography, History, Biography, Mythology, And Fine Arts Of The Greeks And Romans Together With An Account Of Coins, Weights, And Measures, With Tabular Values Of The Same, Harper & Bros, 1841, pp 1273).” 

Patents can be describe a individual/individuals producing an particular idea, while derived from a common experience, still is individual production, but the monopoly is decided by a privilege.

Ricardo using the arguments by Adam Smith, Labor Theory of value, defined what is labor needed for producing or obtained commodity, given a quantity, private space is created an possession of the particular quantity define what is property.

 While ownership (control) of use, benefit, transfer, sells, excluded is definition of property.

Socialism critic of property is the individual ownership, benefit, transfer and exclusion is not sufficient to cost to rest of society. While oil production will benefit cost benefit the individuals, the cost, by limiting resources CO2 tramp the right of the others, one can said since is not insufficient information during using should not be detrimental, except the consequence is so global not possible individuals should have the right to harm everyone on such scale.

Libertarian Socialism suggested property is the continue use, when individual realize the detrimental force will stop.

Communist does not mean the state or the city, by collective use minimize the harm and inequality obtained by privilege granted. 

A definition of property is given by Locker and Tucker, property is function to produce as scarcity, production of Land for scarcity, food.

The terms of property consider is western tradition others views like Cherokee Nation:” The lands of the Cherokee Nation shall remain common property; but the improvements made thereon, and in the possession of the citizens respectively who made, or may rightfully be in possession of them: Provided, that the citizens of the Nation possessing exclusive and indefeasible right to their improvements, as expressed in this article, shall possess no right or power to dispose of their improvements, in any manner whatever.”

Corporate property exits to shift liability of the holder to abstract identity the corporation.

The question sis mention by Proudhon and Analyze by Kevin Carson in Mutualism Political Economy,  property is theft not by the individual by the Authority- the State, the Polis, by asserting the right and granted a privilege, moreover,  this privilege is tilted derived from nepotism to family member; to friend granted a right. 

Property become in exercises of power, not just in a Capitalist Society, the rights of the Free Cities in Europe are rights given by Aristocracy, but in a central authority as given in Marxist  tradition, where the Elite, benefits in with the implosion of the Soviet System in Russia, the elite, the managers, technocrats, the intellectual elite benefit by liquidation of the factories and Russia today where is country falling into underdevelopment manage by a corrupt elite benefit from natural resource, from Minerals to Gas production.

For the elites in the west, especially in Europe a need of energy independence, while Europe has imperial tradition, but dependence in cheap natural resources hinder invention of alternatives, not to say the Russian can cut the gas in the middle of winter, when Europe does not go along in some Economic or Foreign Policy which does not agree with the Kremlin or country holding the natural resource is power play.

Cordoba

The synagogue of Cordoba was built in 1315, and in 1800´s´s was the chapel for the shoemakers, in the process of restoring the chapel
the panels of the synagogue was discover in the 1800´s become a national monument. Besides the Synagogue in Cordoba, the second is Toledo Santa Maria la Blanca.